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Anatomy & Physiology
Study stack 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How many skeletal muscles are in the body? | Over six hundred. |
| Do most muscles work alone or in groups? They contract and relax to move bones at the joints. | |
| What is horizontal adduction? Moving a body part toward the midline in the horizontal plane. | |
| What is an articulation in the context of human anatomy? An articulation, or joint, is the location where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and support. | |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the? transverse abdominis | |
| CNS- controls the cranial and spinal nerves, controls the entire nervous system by integrating incoming sensory information, evaluates the information, and initiates an outgoing response. | |
| PNS- peripheral nervous system consists of the nervous tissue, such as the muscle and organ tissue that lies outside our nervous system, and has additional branches: | |
| Somatic (SNS)- regulates our somatic effectors, which voluntary skeletal muscle | |
| Autonomic (ANS) – regulates our visceral effectors, which are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, organs, glands, and adipose tissue, which are involuntary tissues. Efferent pathways of the ANS: | |
| Sympathetic- nerve pathways exiting the middle spinal cord and dealing with immediate threats known as fight or flight response. | |
| Parasympathetic- nerve pathways exiting the brain or lower spinal cord that promote Rest and Digest, Rest and Repair. | |
| Frontal lobe- is responsible for decision-making, movement, working memory, and speaking language (Broca’s area). | |
| Parietal lobe- object identification, individual location, pain, touch, memory, and understanding spoken language (Wernick’s). | |
| Occipital lobe- is the primary area for vision and memory. | |
| Temporal lobe- primary area for short-term memory, speech, and smell. | |
| Insula lobe- deep inside primary area for desires, cravings, addictions, and neuropsychiatric disorders | |
| Gland: Hypothalamus (control center) | |
| Location: in the brain | |
| Function: Links the endocrine and nervous system; regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst; stimulates the pituitary gland; regulates fluid volume and stimulates the uterus | |
| Hormone: Antidiuretic hormone ADH- Oxytocin | |
| Gland: Pituitary gland (front lobe) (Adenohypophysis) (master gland) | |
| Location: within the skull on the ventral surface of the brain and lies in the pituitary fossa of the turcica. | |
| Function: Regulate the metabolism and control other glands, produce hormones affecting growth, metabolism, and reproduction. | |
| Hormones Secreted: Growth hormones (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin (PRL), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). | |
| Gland: Pituitary gland (posterior lobe) Neurohypophysis | |
| Location: posterior to the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe within the brain | |
| Function: Regulates the body's calcium levels- stimulate bone growth- muscle contraction | |
| Hormone: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Oxytocin (OT). | |
| Gland: Parathyroid | |
| Location: sit on both sides of the thyroid gland lobes located in the neck region | |
| Function: regulates calcium levels, stimulates bone growth and muscle contraction | |
| Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | |
| Gland: Pineal gland | |
| Location: within the dorsal aspect of the brain’s diencephalon region | |
| Hormone: melatonin | |
| Gland: Thyroid gland | |
| Location: front and side of the trachea, below the larynx | |
| Function: regulate metabolism, energy levels, body temperature | |
| Hormone: Tetraiodothyronine thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin (CT). | |
| Which of the following is the primary function of the immune system? | To defend the body against harmful pathogens like bacteria and viruses |
| Gland: Adrenals | |
| Location: tops of the otter portion of the kidneys | |
| Function: manage stress, blood pressure, and metabolism | |
| Hormone: Hormones secreted by adrenal glands are corticosteroids and nonsteroid hormones catecholamines epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) | |
| Testes: The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is? Progesterone | |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is? Hemodynamics | |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called? Perfusion pressure | |
| Cardiac output is determined by? Stroke volume and heart rate | |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the? SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers subendocardial branches | |
| Lymph that flows into the thoracic ducts comes from where? Liver and small intestines | |
| Lymph reenters the blood at the what? At the junction of the Internal jugular and subclavian vein | |
| The turbinates and conchae serve as? Baffles. | |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the? epiglottis. | |
| Which of the following processes involves the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy? | Active transport |
| During respiration, the thorax becomes what? Larger when the chest is raised | |
| What is the key cells for skin pigmentation? | Melanocytes |
| Lower pair of folds of the larynx? Vocal folds | |
| Which of the following is organic substance? | Sugar, DNA, ethanol, methane |
| Which is considered inorganic? Sodium, acid, carbon dioxide, quartz | Sodium, acid, carbon dioxide, quartz |
| Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating ovulation in females | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Which of the following lung volumes represents the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath? | Vital capacity |
| During inspiration, which of the following pressure differences is primarily responsible for air flowing into the lungs? | Atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure During inspiration |
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Studystacknightingale
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