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unit 3-4 a&p
cell, tissue, and integumentary system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell theory | cells are the building blocks of life, they all come from preexisting cells, smallest unit of life, maintain homeostasis at the cellular level. |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| What are the 2 types of cells | somatic and reproductive cells |
| Somatic cells | regular body cells with 23 PAIRS of chromosomes |
| Reproductive cells | gametes (sperm and egg) with 23 chromosomes |
| Extracellular fluid | fluid outside of the cell (ECF, Inter cellular/stitial fluid) |
| Cell components | cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus |
| Functions of the cell membrane | physical isolation, regulation/exchange with the environment, sensitivity to env., structural support |
| Structure of the cell membrane | membrane lipids, membrane proteins, membrane carbohydrates |
| Membrane lipids-main component | phospholipids |
| Membrane lipids-phospholipids structure | phosphate head and fatty acid tail |
| Membrane lipids-phospholipid bilayer | the arrangements of phospholipids to form the cell membrane |
| Membrane lipids- phospholipid fluid mosaic model | describes the everchanging appearance of the cell membrane |
| Membrane lipids-cholesterol | gives dynamic stabilization |
| Membrane proteins location | integral and peripheral proteins. |
| Integral proteins | (transmembrane proteins) stretch the width of the cell membrane. |
| Peripheral proteins | touch inside/outside of the cell |
| Types of functional proteins | anchoring proteins, recognition proteins, enzymes, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, channels |
| Anchoring proteins | stabilize cell position |
| Recognition protein | identify the cell=antigens ex. Glycoproteins |
| Enzymes | catalyze reactions in extra/intercellular fluid |
| Receptor proteins | bind specific substances |
| Carrier proteins | bind solutes, transport them across plasma membrane; may require ATP |
| Channels | form passageways across plasma membrane |
| Membrane carbohydrtes | form the glycocalyx functions |
| Glycocalyx functions | lubrication/protection, anchoring/locomotion, specificity in binding, recognition |
| Permeability | ability of substance to cross cell membrane |
| Selective permeable | only certain things can cross |
| Impermeable | nothing can cross |
| Freely permeable | anything can cross |
| Active movement | movement across cell membrane requires ATP |
| Passive movement | movement across cell membrane doesn't require ATP |
| Passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration |
| Diffusion | substances move from high to low concentration. |
| Diffusion gradient | physical (quantitative) diff. Between 2 properties |
| Diffusion concentration gradient | unequal distribution of solutes |
| Diffusion involves movement of | alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, dissolved gases, lipid soluble drugs |
| Factors that slow diffusion | large distance, large/ heavy molecules, cold temperature, small gradient size, hydrophilic molecules. |
| Osmosis | movement of water |
| Osmotic pressure | the force with which pure water moves into a solution because of solute concentration |
| Hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by a fluid against a membrane |
| Tonicity | ability of an extracellular solution to make water movce into or out a cell by osmosis |
| Isotonic solution | concentration of solutes within the extracellular solution is same as outside of cell. Fluid moves in/out of cell and cell won't change size |
| Hypotonic solution | concentration of solutes within the extracellular solution is less than what is inside of a cell. Fluid moves into cell. Cell will swell and may burst. In RBC’s called hemolysis (bursting) |
| Hypertonic solution | concentration of solutes within a solution is greater than what is inside of a cell. Fluid moves out of a cell. Cell will shrink/shrivle. In RBC’s called crenation |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement into a cell that rerquires a carrier molecule ex. Insulin and glucose |
| Filtration | movement across a porous membrane. Requires a driving force such as blood pressure, ex. Blood filtration in the kidney |
| Active transport | exocytosis and endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | removal of substances from a cell |
| Endocytosis | bringing things into the cell. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | cell eating |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| Receptor mediates endocytosis | involves coated pits or coated vesicles |
| Cytoplasm consistency | like honey |
| Cytoplasm contains | cytosol, inclusions, organelles |
| Cytosol | fluid inside cell (ICF) |
| Inclusions | things that don't dissolve in cytoplasm |
| Organelles | tiny organ” that have specific function for cell |
| Cytoskeleton | protein “skeleton” inside cell. Structural support. |
| Components of cytoskeleton | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| Microfilaments | smallest of protein fibers, protein-actin. Functions- anchor cytoskeleton, determine cytoplasm consistency, actin and myosin maintain cell shape. |
| Intermediate filaments | strengthen cell, stabilize position of organelles, stabilize position of cell |
| Microtubules | protein-tubulin, extend from centrosome, function- forms spindle apparatus/mitotic spindle, movement/main/form structural component of organelles |
| Microvilli | folds of the cell membrance, increases surface area of the cell |
| Centrioles | form mutotic spindle during cell division, surrounded by centrosome |
| Cillia | hairlike structures on the surface of the cell, anchored by-basal body, functions-movement across surface of cell, located- upper respiratory tract and fallopian tubes. |
| Ribosomes | make proteins, made of rRNA- large and small ribosomal unit |
| Proteasomes | recycles proteins. Contains- proteases (protein digesting enzymes) ubiquitin (tag for removal) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | series of tubes and channels connected to nucleus. Functions- synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification forms tubes (cisternae) |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. Phospholipids/cholesterol- to renew membrane, steroid hormones- estrogen, testosterone |
| Rough ER | synthesizes proteins sent to Golgi apparatus |
| Peroxisomes | breakdown fatty acids and alcohol, created from peroxisomes, breakdown- fatty acids and other organic compounds, produce H2O |
| Golgi apparatus | consists of 5-6 flattened discs, function modify and packages protein |
| Structure of Golgi apparatus | forming face (cis) receives the protein, maturing face (trans) releases secretory vesicles, membrane renewal vesicles, vesicles for use in the cytoplasm, lysosomes. |
| Lysosomes | contains hydrolytic enzymes, functions digestion and recycling within the cell |
| Mitochondrion | makes ATP, structure- contains double/outer/inner membrane, inner contains cristae and matrix |
| Nucleus | command center of the cell located in the center of cell, contains DNA- chromatin (relaxed DNA) and chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) |
| Anucleate | 0 nucleus |
| Uninucleate | 1 nucleus |
| Binucleate | 2 nucleus |
| Multinucleate | 3+ nucleus |
| Double membrane | made of phospholipids called the nuclear envelope, channels-holes within envelope called nuclear pores allowing for small things in/out |
| Nucleoplasm | nucleus fluid content that gives its shape. |
| Nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| DNA | template for protein synthesis |
| template strand | used to make template of mRNA |
| o coding strand | other ½ of DNA strand |
| mRNA | messenger RNA |
| rRNA | ribosomal ENA |
| tRNA | transfer RNA |
| genetic code | the sequence of nucleotide bases on the DNA strand |
| triplet | 3 adjacent bases of DNA |
| gene | a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| processes to protein synthesis | Transcription and Translation |
| TRANSCRIPTION | is the copying of the DNA template strand into mRNA. occurs in the nucleus of the cell |
| Transcription enzyme | RNA polymerase- binds at promoter region of DNA |
| Transcription codon | 3 adjacent bases of mRNA |
| start codon | 1st Codon on MRNA is always |
| stop codons | last codon on mRNA. UGA,UAA,UAG |
| Where does mRNA go at the end of transcription | leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm |
| Translation | is the conversion of the mRNA sequence (nucleotide sequence) into an amino acid |
| sequence (polypeptide or protein) | |
| Where does translation occur | in the cytoplasm of the cell |
| peptide | Another name for Amino Acid |
| anticodon | 3 adjacent bases on tRNA |
| Mitosis | cell reproduction |
| mitosis produces | 2 identical daughter |
| Meiosis Produces | gametes (reproductive cells) |
| apoptosis | Selective cell death |
| G1 | growth gap phase 1. Growth differentiation |
| S | Synthesis; DNA replication |
| sister chromatid | half of a duplicated Chromosome |
| centromere | constricted region of a chromosome |
| Prophase | mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, chromatin condenses into chromatin. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell |
| Telophase | Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear. Mitotic spindle falls apart. Chromosomes unwind to chromatin |
| Cytokinesis | involves a cleavage furrow |
| tissue | 2 or more cells with similar functions |
| histology | Study of tissue |
| biopsy | A tissue Study for diagnostic Purposes |
| 4 types of tissue | Epithelial, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue |
| Epithelial tissue | epithelial-lines body Surfaces, glandular- forms glands |
| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | high cellularity, attaches to basal lamina/basement membrane, avascularity, regeneration |
| apical surface | Exposed Surface away from basement membrane |
| basal surface | attaches to basement membrane |
| attaches to basal lamina/basement membrane | |
| basal lamina | part of basement membrane |
| Regeneration | through stem cells |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | physical protection, control permeability, neuroepithelium (sensation), produce secretions |
| Specializations of Epithelial Tissue | microvilli, cilia, cell junctions |
| microvilli | folds of the cell membrane; increase surface area |
| cilia | hairlike extensions |
| cell junctions | tight junctions, gap junction, desmosome |
| tight junction | “spot weld” for areas where we need to contain a membrane |
| gap junction | “protein Tube” allows the connection between 2 insides of cells instead of endo/exocytosis |
| desmosome | “Protein "Stitch" allows cells to move together |
| hemi-desmosome | connects to the basement membrane |
| Squamous | Thin & flat |
| cuboidal | marshmallow Shaped & big nuclei |
| Columnar | Column Shaped, Tall rectangular |
| Simple /pseudostratified | one layer |
| Stratified | two or more layers |
| Classification of Glandular Epithelium | endocrine and exocrine glands |
| Endocrine glands | (ductless) produce hormones (control activity of target tissue) released into ECF, blood. |
| Exocrine glands release products through ducts. Ex-Sweat, oil, mammary, ceruminous glands | |
| Modes of Secretion | merocrine, apocrine, holocrine. –how cells release substance |
| merocrine secretion | (eccrine) MC type of secretion released thru exocytosis, ex-certain sweat glands, salivary glands. |
| apocrine secretion | apical portion of cytoplasm released, ex-axillary sweat glands, ceruminous glands |
| Holocrine | whole cell is destroyed, ex-sebaceous (oil) glands |
| Connective tissues functions | connects/binds tissues together |
| components of CT | Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers specialized cells. (matrix) ground substance- fills space between cells, surrounds fibers, extracellular fibers-All Protein Fibers |
| Collagen fibers | extremely strong |
| Reticular fibers | form branching, interwoven framework network called stroma |
| Elastic fibers | contain protein elastin |
| Classification of CT | Connective Tissue Proper, Fluid connective tissues, Supporting connective tissues |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | attach to bone, cells (fibers), shape long and cylindrical, appear striated, multinucleate, cell membrane called sarcolema, voluntary, amitotic, microfilaments (protein), myofibrils (organelles) |
| actin = Thin myofilaments | |
| Myosin | Thick myofilaments |
| innervation | motor Neuron |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | located in Myocardium, cells-fibers, branched, Striated, Uninucleate, Involuntary, cells connected via Intercalate disc, stimulated via Pace maker cells, amitotic |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | In the walls of Hallow organs, iris of eye, Spindle cigar shaped, Uninucleate Involuntary, cells connected via GAP Junctions, stimulated via motor merons / Self Stimulating, mitotic |
| Neural tissue | (Nervouss tissue), specialized for control/ tells other cells what to do, 98% located in Brain and Spinal cord |
| 2 nervous cell types | Neuro(glial cell) (aid/assist the neuron), neuron. |
| Membranes | Line or cover body surfaces, Is epithelium supported by CT |
| Mucous membrane | found open to the exterior, located in eyes, digestive/reproductive/urinary tract, protects |
| Serous membranes | lines body cavities that are close to the exterior, locations, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum. |
| Structure of serous membranes | visceral layer (deep & Stuck directly to the organ) parietal layer (Superficial & attaches to body wall) serous cavity (space b/w visceral and parietal layers) |
| serous fluid | Fills serous cavity and reduces friction |
| Synovial membranes | line Joint cavities (Spaces), locations- Knee, elbow, hip, ankle, wrist. Functions-lubrication of the joint |
| Cutaneous membranes | location-Epidermis of Skin, dry, Protection. |
| Pathology | science of the causes and effects of diseases. |
| Hyperplasia | increase in # of cells |
| tumor | abnormal growth of tissue |
| benign | contained within a CT capsule; does not spread |
| malignant | can invade other tissue = metastasis |
| tumors usually spread through | Blood & Lymphatic system |
| cutaneous membrane | Skin (Epidermis, Dermis) |
| accessory structures | Hair, Nails, Glands |
| Subcutaneous layer | (HyPodermis )separates from deep fascia, not part of the skin but closely associates. Injections done here |
| functions of the Integumentary System | 1.Protection (Biological, Chemical, UV) 2. Excretion (NaCl, UREA) 3. Thermoregulation (Sweating) 4. Synthesis (Vit D) 5. Storage (vit A) 6. Sensation |
| Epidermis | Superficial layer of the skin, Stratified Squamous epithelium, Protection, most abundant epithelial cell-keratinocyte (keratin producer) |
| function of keratin | Water proofing Protein |
| thick skin | 5 layers, Palms of hands & soles of feet. |
| Thin skin | 4 layers everywhere else on body thickness will vary |
| Stratum Corneum | thickest layer of the epidermis, cells take 15 - 30 days to get here; they remain for 2 weeks it is water resistant, insensible (heat) and sensible (sweating) perspiration |
| Stratum Lucidum | found only in thick Skin |
| Stratum Granulosum | "grainy layer" Cells begin to die in this layer b/c Decrease in O2 |
| Stratum Spinosum | "spiny layer", contains Langerhans cells (WBC) |
| Stratum Germinativum | (Stratum Basale) Deepest layer of epidermis, form epidermal ridges with dermal papillae |
| basal cells | Stem cells |
| melanocytes | make melanin |
| Merkel cells | detect light touch |
| blisters | a fluid filled space b/w epidermis and dermis |
| cholecalciferol | Vitamin D, used to synthesize calcitriol in the kidney |
| function of calcitriol | increase calcium absorption in small intestine |
| Dermis | Deep layer of Skin, found between Epidermis & hypodermis, high water content b/c of collagen. |
| Papillary layer | superficial Dermis layer (touches epidermis) consists of areolar tissue, |
| dermal papillae | peg-like projections in superior portion |
| Reticular layer | Deep dermis layer, consists of dense irregular CT (collagen, elastic fibers) |
| Carotene | yellow/orange Pigment, stored in the stratum Corneum or deep dermis/subcutaneous, found in Yellow /orange fruits & veggies can be converted to vitamin A |
| Melanin | Brown/ Black pigment, produced by melanocyte |
| function of melanin | Protect DNA |
| albinism | lack of Melanin Production |
| pigment hemoglobin | found on Red blood Cells & carries oxygen |
| oxygenated | high O2 amount, Bright red |
| deoxygenated | low O2 |
| cyanosis | Blue tint to the skin due to low O2/blood flow |
| to the shin due to d02/ vblaud flow | |
| Subcutaneous layer | dynamic stabilization, consists of Adipose tissue, blood vessels & nerves, insulator, energy reserve, shock absorber |
| Hair and hair follicles | located all over the body except lips, nipples, external genitalia, palms of hand, soles of feet. |
| Follicles | organs where hairs are produced in |
| functions of hair | protection, sensory receptors |
| arrector pili muscle | smooth musce attached to hair follicle When contracts it's called goose bumps |
| hair root | Portion of hair below skin's Surface |
| hair shaft | above surface of skin, what nu can see |
| hair bulb | Wide proximal portion of the hair |
| hair papilla | inside of bulb. Area of growth for hair shaft |
| Hair growth cycle | hair on scalp- 2 - 5 years, 0.33mm/d, lose ~50 hairs/d |
| Alopecia | hair loss |
| lanugo | in embryo; appear after about 3 months. Fine and unpigmented |
| vellus hairs | fine "peach fuzz" on most of body |
| terminal hairs | heavy, more deeply pigmented |
| Hair color | produced by melanin |
| White hair | lack of melanin and air bubbles in shaft |
| Sebaceous Glands | gland in skin, produces oil. Holcrine glands, empty into air follicles |
| Sebum | oil |
| function of oil | lubrication |
| Sweat glands | (Sudoriferous) |
| types of sweat glands | apocrine sweat glands, merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | located in axilla (armpits) and groin, empty into hair follicles, o large, produce Sweat rich with fat |
| Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands | empty onto Skin's surface, all over body, small, most abundant in Palms of hand/ soles of Feet, produce sweat, contains H2O, NaCl, urea, thermoregulation. |
| mammary glands | found in breast. produce milk |
| ceruminous glands | found in ear produce cerumen (wax). lubricant & keeps bugs out of ear. |
| Nails | protect finger toe tips |
| nail body | Main Part of the nail |
| nail bed | vesicular region deep to nail body |
| free edge | free tip of hail. Part u Cut |
| Nail root | below surface of Skin. Where nail grows |
| eponychium | Cuticle |
| lunula | Crescent moon Shape at base of nail |
| Incidence: | 1/7 Americans will get it . • People who burn easily and are fair-skinned are at higher risk. • Some researchers believe that one serious sunburn can increase the risk of skin cancer by as much as 50%. |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | doesn't spread. basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. Arises from basal layer of epidermis • affects ~800,000 Americans each year |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | spreads. second most common cancer of the skin, a tumor that arises from squamous epithelium. Can metastasize. |
| Malignant Melanoma | arises from malignant melanocytes. Is the deadliest type of skin cancer but curable if caught early. |
Created by:
mahak
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