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A&P 2 (Ch 16-17)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? | steroids |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults is known as _________, | Acromegaly |
| This highly important pea-sized gland produces hormones that target many other endocrine glands. | pituitary |
| Which of the following glands controls the fight-or-flight reaction? | Adrenal medulla |
| Oxytocin is produced by the __________. | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following nutrients that is needed for hormone production is diet-dependent? | iodine |
| Which of the following hormones is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism? | oxytocin |
| Which hormone below are antagonists to each other to regulate blood sugar? | glucagon & insulin |
| Thyroid hormone receptors are found on nearly all receptors of the body. | True |
| Norepinephrine can act both as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. | True |
| ADH ________. | is inhibited by alcohol |
| Which of the following hormones can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor within the cell? | steroids, such as cortisol |
| In humans, melatonin is produced by the pituitary. | False |
| The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. | True |
| The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. | False |
| The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through _________. | targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
| Which of the following regions of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone? | zona glomerulosa |
| Which of the following best depicts the normal function of insulin? | it increases glucose uptake into cells |
| Which of the following glands produces both exocrine and endocrine secretions? | pancreas |
| Which of the following is a tropic hormone? | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Which of the following endocrine glands plays the most significant role in influencing metabolism? | thyroid |
| Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. | entering the cell and initiating and expressing the desired action of the cell |
| When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, the primary hormone released during short-term stress is ____________. | epinephrine |
| The major targets of growth hormone are ____________. | bones and skeletal muscle |
| Which organ is responsible for the synthesizing ANH/ANP? | heart |
| If a cell is exposed to a prolonged increase of insulin the cell can respond by decreasing the number of receptors on the cell. This is known as ________. | down regulation |
| Which of the following is not a target of parathyroid hormone? | adrenal gland |
| The adrenal medulla secretes which of the following hormones? | norepinephrine |
| Which of the following increases blood calcium levels? | parathyroid hormone |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the ___________. | placenta |
| Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from fatty acids and amino acids) occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. | cortisol |
| Which of the following glands plays an important role in the development of the immune system and is the site of T cell maturation? | thymus gland |
| Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones (Non-Steroids) exert their effects through the formation of intracellular chemicals called ________. | second messengers |
| Which of the following choices relates to hormones that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells? | they are water soluble hormones |
| Which term describes a chemical that is secreted into the blood and targets particular cells in order to regulate various functions throughout the body? | hormone |
| The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ___________________________. | is a bundle of axons that travel from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary |
| Which of the following is not a cardinal (major) sign of diabetes mellitus? | polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria |
| Oxytocin ________. | release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
| ADH ___________________. | is inhibited by alcohol, which explains why some people urinate excessively when drinking alcohol |
| Which of the following hormones can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor within the cell? | cortisol |
| Which of the following endocrine glands does NOT produce a hormone? | Posterior Pituitary |
| Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in infants leads to which condition? | Cretinism |
| Which hormone decreases blood levels of calcium? | Calcitonin |
| Which gland produces hormones that act as antagonists in the regulation of blood glucose? | Pancreas |
| Hyposecretion of insulin from the pancreas is a result of which condition? | Diabetes mellitus |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder results from elevated levels of melatonin, which is due to a decrease in the amount of sunlight in various regions of the planet at certain times of the year. | True |
| ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the glucocorticoid, cortisol. | True |
| The primary hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. | False |
| The antagonistic hormones that regulate blood levels of sodium are aldosterone and atrial natriuretic hormone. | True |
| In humans, melatonin is produced by the pituitary. | False |
| Nucleus has two lobes (sunglasses appearance); stains red; contains granules with lysosomal enzymes; function - attacks parasitic worms. | Eosinophil |
| Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules. | Neutrophil |
| Which of the following blood cells transports CO2and oxygen. | Erythrocytes |
| Contains dark blue staining granules that release histamine and heparin. | Basophil |
| Largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections. | Monocyte |
| Forms fibrin during hemostasis | Forms fibrin during hemostasis |
| Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. | anemia |
| What is the average normal pH range of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Which of the following leukocytes enters the tissues as a macrophage? | monocyte |
| Which of the following conditions stimulates an increase in the production of RBCs? | low blood oxygen and hypoxia |
| Which blood type is called the universal donor? | O |
| In the adult, most blood cells are produced in the _______. | spongy bone and epiphyses of long bones |
| The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones. | False |
| Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells. | True |
| Most RBCs are destroyed in is the liver. | False |
| Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin. | False |
| In which of the following ways is most of the carbon dioxide in the blood transported? | it becomes part of the bicarbonate ion |
| Which of the following hormones if release by the kidneys and is a direct stimulus for erythropoiesis? | erythropoietin |
| During hemostasis, which of the following converts the soluble protein fibrinogen to fibrin fibers? | thrombin |
| What is the normal percentage of basophils? | 1% |
| Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes? | They are nucleated. |
| Platelets are produced from a precursor cell called a ________. | megakaryocyte |
| What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? | kidney |
| Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries. | False |
| Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas. | True |
| Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. | False |
| Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types. | True |
| Which of the following best represents the normal percentage of plasma in blood? | 55% |
| Which of the following best describes oxygen transport in blood? | oxygen attaches to the iron-containing portion of hemoglobin |
| Which of the following are phases of hemostasis? | vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation are all correct |
| Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? | hypoxia |
| What percentage of plasma is made up of proteins? | 8% |
| What is the normal life span of erythrocytes? | 100-120 days |
| Which of the following leukocytes does not contain granules? | lymphocytes |
| Which of the following is the most abundant type of leukocyte? | neutrophils |
| Platelets ________. | stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break |
| Which of the following is true about blood plasma? | Plasma is about 90% water. |
| Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen. | True |
| Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. | True |
| All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes. | True |
| Which is the term used to describe a free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream? | Embolus |
| Platelets are produced from a precursor cell called a ________. | megakaryocyte |
| Which organ regulates erythropoiesis? | kidney |
| The functions of blood can be divided into distributive, regulatory, and protective functions. Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? | maintenance of normal pH in body tissues |
| As red blood cells age ________. | membranes "wear out" and the cells rupture |
| The most abundant plasma protein is ________. | albumin |
| Which condition is a cancer of bone marrow that results in an excessive production of white blood cells? | Leukemia |
| This plasma protein is the main contributor to osmotic pressure, which helps to maintain blood volume and blood pressure. | albumin |
| Diapedesis is the process by which White Blood Cells squeeze through the capillary wall in order to enter the tissues. | True |
| Which of the following substances are included in the 1-2% of plasma known as other solutes? | hormones, gases, nutrients, and waste products are each part of the other solutes of plasma |
| An individual with Type AB blood can usually donate blood to people with which of the following blood types. (Choose all correct) | type AB |
| Which blood type is known as the universal recipient? | type AB |
| Which blood type can donate only to Type A and Type AB individuals? | type A |
| Which blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies? | type A |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn, may occur in a ______________ mother carrying a ______________ baby. | Rh-; Rh+ |
| When considering Blood Types, the antigens (agglutinogens) are located ____________________ and the antibodies (agglutinins) are located ____________________. | on the surface of the RBCs; within the plasma |
| The four common blood types are formed from combinations of two main blood antigens, the A and B blood antigens. | True |
| Systemic agglutination is the cardinal sign of a successful blood transfusion. | False |
| Antibodies of the ABO blood groups are found within every individual at birth. | False |
| The ABO and Rh antigens (agglutinogens) are the only blood group antigens found to be present in humans. | False |
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cpc6250
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