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Blood
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vascular System | blood circulates inside closed transport systems |
| Arteries | takes blood away from heart |
| Arterioles | a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries |
| Capillary beds | network of capillaries |
| Venules | small branch of vein that returns blood from capillary to vein |
| Veins | return blood back to heart |
| Tunica intima | endothelium lines the interior of vessels; decreases friction as blood flows |
| Tunica media | smooth muscles and elastic tissue (dilates & constricts vessels) |
| Tunica externa | fibrous connective tissue on outside supports and protects vessles |
| Arteries | blood away from heart thicker walls withstand high pressure |
| Capillaries | connect arterioles with venules Walls 1 cell thick Exchange gas between blood & tissue Interstitial fluid leaks out of them and bathes your body cells in nutrients |
| Veins | Blood back to heart thinner walls low pressure large lumen Valves - prevent blood backflow Skeletal muscles enhance venous return |
| Micro-circulation | Flow of blood through a capillary bed |
| True capillaries | Exchange takes place |
| Vascular shunt | connects arteriole and venule at either end of capillary bed |
| Vericose veins | inactivity or too much pressure on veins hereditary blood pools in feet and legs (which can clot & become dangerous) Valves weaken and veins become twisted and dilated Treatment: compression stocking, exercise, lasers, surgery |
| Spider veins | small, damaged legs or face not painful blue/purple/red blood pools heredity, obesity, trauma, fluctuation in hormone levels common among people over 30 and in pregnant women |
| Pulse | expansion and recoil of an artery with each beat of left ventricle 70-76 beats/min |
| Blood pressure | pressure of blood on inner walls of blood vessels Systolic pressure: peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure: ventricles relaxed Written: systolic/diastolic Normal: 120 mm Hg/ 70 mm Hg |
| Sphygmomanometer | Used to measure bp cuff around arm, stethoscope on brachial artery inflate to 180 mm hg listen for korotkoff sounds (whooshing) Systolic - begin to appear Diastolic - disappear |
| Homeostatic imbalances | Hypertension - 140/90 Circulatory shock - acute hypotension including blood loss Atherosclerorsis - artey walls thicken due fatty deposits (plaques) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | Progressive weakening of heart Low heart efficiency - circulation inadequate to meet tissue needs Caused by Coronary atherosclerosis Persistent high blood pressure Multiple heart attacks - scar tissue |
| Components of blood | Plasma (55%) - 90% water, ions, proteins, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones Cells (45%) - RBC, WBC, platelets Develop from stem cells in bone marrow |
| Serum albumin | Osmotic balance and pH buffering, Ca2+ transport |
| Fibrinogen and prothrombin | Take part in blood clotting |
| alpha-globulins (a-globulin) | bind/transport - bind/transport hormones, lipids, fat soluble vitamins |
| Beta-globulins (B-globulin) | bind/transport iron, cholestrol, fat soluble vitamins |
| Enzymes | Take part in and regulate metabolic activities |
| Hematopoiesis | “of or relating to blood” “making/formation” Making new blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow in adults (spongy tissue with stem cells) Skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, humerus, femur Yolk sac and then liver as embryo |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells (RBCs) Transport O2 in blood Biconcave discs Anucleate (no nucleus) Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein, binds to O2 Life span: 100-120 days |
| Anemia: | decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood Low RBC count or deficient hemoglobin content |
| Sickle-Cell Disease | abnormal hemoglobin Genetic disorder Carriers of 1 allele are resistant to malaria in Africa |
| Leukocytes | WBC Defend body against infection and tumors by moving about like amoebas migrating into and out of blood to locate areas of tissue damage by responding to chemicals Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Neutrophils | Target bacteria & fungus, damaged tissue Most abundant WBC in most mammals Form from stem cells in bone marrow, circ in blood for 6-10hrs, then enter tissues to “seek and destroy” Respond & multiply quick, self destructing after 1 burst of activity |
| Eosinophils (2 lobed nucleus) | Born in marrow, migrate from peripheral blood stream into respiratory & GI tract tissues Target large parasitic WORMS Modulate/Counteract allergic inflammatory response 1-6% of WBC in avg person Contain destructive proteins Can deactivate histamines |
| Basophils | Play a part in "immune surveillance“… ability to help detect and destroy some early cancer cells Rarest leukocyte – up to 1% of blood smear “Granules” contain heparin, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
| Basophils | release granule contents during an allergic reaction or asthma attack & trigger increased blood flow to damaged area play role in parasite destruction |
| Monocytes | largest type of WBC 3+ types of monocytes in human blood produced by bone marrow 3-8% of WBC |
| Monocyte (larger cell, horseshoe shaped nucleus) | circulate in bloodstream 1-3 d. before moving into body-wide tissues where they differentiate into: 1. macrophages 2. dendritic cells (show immune sys antigens of invaders to recognize as foreign) 3. foam cells (fatty deposits in blood vessel walls). |
| Lymphocytes | work the front lines to ID & destroy foreign invaders main type of cell found in lymph (fluid that circulates w/in lymphatic sys.) |
| 3 primary types of lymphocytes (dark nucleus taking up almost all of the cell) | B cells 10%- circulate front lines of blood; work to ID foreign invaders T cells 75%- mature in the thiamin (in lymph sys), then migrate to point of invasion; surround, bind + kill foreign invaders Natural killer cells defend against tumors & viruses |
| 5 types of WBC | Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm) Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm) Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
| Leukemia | bone marrow becomes cancerous, huge numbers of WBCs Treatment - chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant |
| Platelets | Cell fragments (irregular-shaped bodies) Needed for clotting blood and vessel repair (know slide 26 with the flow chart) |
| Plasma proteins | Albumins – blood pressure Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) – transport lipids and antibodies for immunity Fibrinogen – IMPORTANT for blood clotting (converts to fibrin) |
| Hemostasis = stoppage of bleeding Blood clot forms within 3-6 min | 1. Vascular spasm - Constrict damaged blood vessels 2. Platelet plug forms - Platelets stick and bind to damaged site & release chemicals to attract more platelets 3. Coagulation - Blood clotting & fibrin threads forms mesh that traps RBCs |
| Thrombus | clot in unbroken blood vessel Coronary thrombosis = heart attack abnormal blood clot |
| Embolus | thrombus breaks away from vessel wall and floats freely (to another place) Cerebral embolus = stroke |
| Hemophilia | hereditary bleeding disorder, lack clotting factors Sex linked trait - more males affected…why? |
| Antigen | foreign substance that immune system recognizes |
| Antibodies | Y-shaped proteins secreted by WBC’s that attach to antigens |
| Agglutination | clumping caused by antibodies binding to antigens on RBCs RBC surface proteins: A antigen B antigen Rh antigen (AKA: ‘D’ antigen) |
| Blood Type A | has A antigen on surface of RBC |
| Blood Type B | has B antigen |
| Blood Type AB | has both A & B antigens |
| Blood Type O | has no antigens on surface |
| Blood typing analysis | Blood sample mixed with 3 antibodies If blood clumps, antigens are present If no clumps, no antigens are present |
| Main function of cardiovascular system | Transportation Blood - transport vehicle Heart - pump Blood vessels - network of tubes |
| Anatomy of Heart | Size of fist Weight < 1 lb. Apex points toward left hip Flanked by lungs Surrounded by pericardium (double-walled sac) |
| Layers of the Heart Wall | Epicardium – outer layer (pericardium) Myocardium – cardiac muscle Endocardium – endothelium lines chambers |
| Heart Chambers | Atrium (R & L): receive blood (entryway) Ventricle (R & L): pump blood out Septum: wall between atria & ventricles Valves: prevent backflow of blood |
| Pathway for low oxygen in blood through the heart | 1) Superior and inferior vena cava as well as coronary sinus 2) Right atrium 3) Tricuspid valve 4) Right ventricle 5) Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) 6) Right and left pulmonary arteries 7) Lungs |
| Pathway for rich oxygen in blood through the heart | 8) Right and left pulmonary veins 9) Left atrium 10) Bicuspid valve/ mitral valve 11) Left ventricle 12) Aortic valve (semilunar) 13) Aorta 14) Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery 15) Descending aorta |
| Pulmonary circuit | blood to/from lungs |
| Systemic circuit | blood to/from all body tissues |
| Right ventricle | pulmonary circuit = low pressure |
| Left ventricle | Systemic circuit = high resistance to blood flow More powerful pump 3X as thick as right ventricle |
| Atrioventricular (AV) | valves btwn atria and ventricles – septum divides atrium and ventricle tricuspid valve (right), bicuspid valve (left) |
| Semilunar valves (SLV) | btwn ventricle and artery pulmonary SLV, aortic SLV |
| Chordae tendineae | anchors valve flaps in their closed position |
| AV valve Operation | Return blood filled atria, forcing AV valves to open by applying pressure Ventricles fill, atria contracts, forcing blood into ventricles Ventricles contract, forcing blood against the AV valve & closing it Chordae tendineae stabilizes valves flaps |
| Semilunar valves | As ventricles contract, intraventricular pressure rises blood pushes against semilunar valves, opening them Ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls blood flows back from arteries, filling cusps of semilunar valves, forcing them to close |
| Incompetent valve | backflow and repump Stenosis = stiff= heart workload increased May be replaced Lup Dub Heart Sound |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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