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chap10 muscle tissue

BSC 2085

TermDefinition
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Attached to bones, striated, and voluntary.
four functions of muscular tissue producing body movements. stabilizing body position, moving substances within body, and gathering heat (thermogenesis)
producing body movements Walking and running
stabilizing body position Posture
moving substances within body Heart muscle pumps blood, Moving substances in the digestive tract
gathering heat (thermogenesis) Contracting muscle produces heat, shivering increases heat production
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Forms heart wall, striated, and involuntary.
Smooth Muscle Tissue Located in viscera, non-striated, and involuntary.
Body Movement Result of muscle contraction and relaxation.
Electrical Excitability Ability to produce electrical signals in response.
Contractility Ability to shorten and generate force.
Extensibility Ability to stretch without damage.
Elasticity Ability to return to original shape.
Epimysium Connective tissue covering entire muscle.
Perimysium Connective tissue covering muscle fasciculi.
Endomysium Connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers.
Tendon Dense connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.
Aponeurosis Broad, flat tendon connecting muscles.
Myoblasts Embryonic cells that develop into muscle fibers.
Satellite Cells Myoblasts that persist in mature muscle.
Sarcolemma Cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibers.
Transverse Tubules Invaginations spreading action potential in fibers.
Sarcoplasm Cytoplasm of muscle cells, contains glycogen.
Myofibrils Fibers containing thick and thin filaments.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Stores calcium ions in relaxed muscle.
Muscular Atrophy Wasting away of muscle tissue.
Muscular Hypertrophy Increase in muscle fiber diameter.
Sarcomeres Basic functional units of myofibrils.
A Band Dark area of sarcomere with thick filaments
I Band Light area of sarcomere with thin filaments.
Z Disc Structure passing through center of I band.
H Zone Central area of A band without thin filaments.
Contractile Proteins Generate force during muscle contraction.
Myosin Main component of thick filaments; motor protein.
Actin Main component of thin filaments; interacts with myosin.
Regulatory Proteins Switch contractions on and off in muscle.
Tropomyosin Blocks myosin-binding sites on actin in relaxation.
Troponin Holds tropomyosin; binds calcium ions to initiate contraction
Structural Proteins Maintain filament alignment and provide elasticity.
Titin Helps sarcomere return to resting length after contraction.
Dystrophin Reinforces sarcolemma; transmits tension to tendons.
Sliding Filament Mechanism Filaments slide to shorten muscle fibers.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Releases calcium ions to initiate contraction.
Contraction Cycle Sequence of events causing filament sliding.
ATP Hydrolysis Energizes myosin for muscle contraction.
Crossbridges Formed by myosin binding to actin.
Power Stroke Actin moves toward sarcomere center during contraction.
Detachment Phase Myosin releases actin due to ATP binding.
Calcium Ions Trigger contraction by binding to troponin.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Links muscle action potential to contraction.
Muscle Action Potential Triggers calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber.
Synapse Communication region between neurons or neuron and target.
Rigor Mortis Muscular rigidity after death due to ATP depletion.
Myofibril Contractile unit of muscle fibers.
H Zone Region in sarcomere where only thick filaments exist.
Z Discs Boundaries of a sarcomere; anchor actin filaments.
Intracellular Calcium Calcium concentration that regulates muscle contraction.
Active Transport Pumps Return calcium ions to sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Muscle Fiber Single muscle cell capable of contraction.
Synapses Junctions separating nerve cells from direct contact.
Neurotransmitters Chemicals bridging synaptic gaps between neurons.
Acetylcholine (ACh) Primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions.
Nerve action potential Electrical signal triggering muscle action potential.
Muscle action potential Electrical signal leading to muscle contraction.
Creatine phosphate Immediate ATP source in muscle cells.
Anaerobic respiration ATP production without oxygen, lasts 30-40 seconds.
Aerobic respiration Oxygen-requiring ATP production via glucose oxidation.
Muscle tension Depends on number of contracting muscle fibers.
Cardiac muscle tissue Muscle type found only in the heart.
Intercalated discs Connect cardiac muscle fibers, containing desmosomes and gap junctions.
Calcium ions Prolong contraction duration in cardiac muscle.
Autorhythmic fibers Self-stimulating fibers in cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue type.
Visceral smooth muscle Single unit muscle in hollow organs and vessels.
Multiunit smooth muscle Muscle fibers operate independently, found in large structures.
Sarcoplasm Cytoplasm of muscle fibers containing filaments.
Intermediate filaments Support structure in smooth muscle fibers.
Calmodulin Calcium-binding protein in smooth muscle contraction.
Myosin light chain kinase Enzyme activated by calmodulin for muscle contraction.
Smooth muscle tone State of partial contraction in smooth muscle.
Aging effects on muscle Loss of skeletal muscle replaced by fat.
Maximal strength decrease Reduction in strength with aging.
Neuromuscular disease Disorders affecting motor neurons or muscle fibers.
Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness.
ACh receptor antibodies Cause muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis.
Muscle reflex slowing Decreased reflex speed with aging.
Created by: sofasophia
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