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Chapter 23 A&P
General Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory receptors | Respond to stimuli by converting to nerve impulses |
| Receptor potential | The transmembrane potential difference produced by activation of a sensory receptor. It is the initial electrical response generated by sensory receptor cells to a sensory stimulus. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Respond to mechanical forces such as pressure, roughness, vibration, and stretching. |
| Thermoreceptors | Respond to variations in temperature. |
| Nociceptors | Respond to potentially damaging stimuli, which are generally perceived as pain. |
| Photoreceptors | Detect and respond to light. |
| Chemoreceptors | Respond to certain chemicals |
| Sensation | A mental process (such as seeing, hearing, or smelling) resulting from the immediate external stimulation of a sense organ often as distinguished from a conscious awareness of the sensory process |
| Adaptation | The process by which the magnitude of the receptor potential decreases over time in response to a continuous stimulus |
| Perception | What that sensation means in a larger context. The process of detecting, recognizing, characterizing and responding to stimuli |
| Two-point discrimination test | Assess tactile perception. It involves touching the skin with two sharp points to determine the ability to discern two distinct points rather than one. This test is often used in neurological examinations to assess how finely innervated an area of skin is |
| 4 ways receptors can be classified | 1) The sensory system pathway in which they participate 2) Their location in the body 3) The particular stimulus that causes them to respond 4) Their structure |
| Where the Somatic sensory receptors are in the body | Skin, muscles, ligaments, eyes, and ears, |
| Sensory pathways | Chains of neurons that are responsible for the perception of sensations |
| Efferent | Carry the motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action |
| Afferent | Neurons that carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the central nervous system |
| Exteroceptors | Detect external stimuli such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Generate signals in response to external stimuli Touch receptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors. May adapt quickly or slowly depending on the specific receptor |
| Interceptors/ Visceroceptors | Detect internal stimuli related to organ function, blood pressure, pH levels, etc. Generate signals in response to internal stimuli Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors May adapt slowly or not at all |
| Proprioceptors | Mediate proprioception, which is the body's ability to sense its own position and movements. They detect various kinesthetic parameters, such as joint position and movement, and include types like neuromuscular spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint |
| Visceral pain | Pain is pain related to the internal organs. Vague. |
| What are Exteroceptors located in the body? | Found in the skin, mucous membranes, and sense organs |
| Where are Visceroceptors located in the body? | Located in internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles |
| Where are Proprioceptors located in the body? | Located within muscles, tendons, and joints |
| Somatic pain | Occurs in the skin, muscles, joints, and bones. Can feel like a gnawing, aching, or cramping. Often described as "sharp." Easier to pinpoint the location compared to visceral pain. Examples include pain from cuts, bruises, or arthritis. |
| Diabetic neuropathy | Nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout the body. Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet. |
| Referred pain | Pain is felt in a location other than the actual site of the painful stimulus or origin. It occurs due to a network of interconnecting sensory nerves that supply different tissues. |
| Cutaneous sensation | Ability of the skin to perceive various stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, through specialized receptors embedded in the skin layers |
| Fibromyalgia (FM) | Chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues. |
| Thermoreceptors | A non-specialized sense receptor, or the receptive portion of a sensory neuron, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature, primarily within the innocuous (no injury/harmless) range |
| Root hair plexuses | special group of nerve fiber endings and serves as a very sensitive mechanoreceptor for touch sensation. Hair contains a number of different types of nerve endings. |
| Tactile disk or Merkel disk. | Merkel nerve endings provide information on pressure, position, and deep static touch features such as shapes and edges. Merkel nerve endings have a widely distributed in glabrous and hairy skin, in hair follicles, and in oral and anal mucosa.[ |
| Tactile corpuscles/Meissner corpuscles | Nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to pressure. |
| Bulboid corpuscle (Krause end bulb) | cutaneous receptors in humans and other animals. The endbulbs of Krause were named after the German anatomist Wilhelm Krause (1833–1910). |
| Stimuli | Sounds, lights, touch or change in the environment that that provoke a response from the body |
| Dendritic endings | Dendrites are thin processes that extend from the cell bodies of Neurons and serve as their primary receiving end: over 90% of the synapses in principal neurons are localized within their dendrites. |
| Mucocutaneous corpuscles | Specialized sensory structures found within the genitalia and other mucocutaneous tissues (lips, tongue and conjunctiva of the eye) |
| Bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini corpuscle) | Deeply located in the dermis of the skin. Spindle-shaped receptor is sensitive to skin stretch, and contributes to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement |
| Lamellar corpuscles (Pacini corpuscles) | Sensory receptors in the skin and other internal organs. They respond to deep pressure, stretch, and high-frequency vibrations and are important for recognizing touch and pressure. Large mechanoreceptors located mostly in hands and feet. |
| Muscle spindles | Stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the CNS. |
| Golgi tendon receptors (tendon organs) | Senses changes in muscle tension. Located at the point of junction between muscle tissue and tendon. |
| Intrafusal fibers | Specialized muscle fibers found within muscle spindles that serve as proprioceptors, detecting changes in muscle length and the rate of that change. Oriented parallel to the more common extrafusal fibers. |
| Another word for sensory fibers | Afferent neurons |
| Another word for motor fibers | Efferent Neurons |
| Gamma motor neurons | The efferent (sending signals away from the central nervous system) part of the fusimotor system, whereas muscle spindles are the afferent part, as they send signals relaying information from muscles toward the spinal cord and brain. |
| Alpha motor neurons | Large motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle and cause muscle contractions. |
| Stretch reflex (myotatic reflex, muscle stretch reflex, or knee-jerk reflex) | is a pre-programmed response by the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle. |
| type Ib nerve fibers | |
| Golgi tendon reflex | |
| How general sense help with homeostasis | Provide the body with vital information related to both external and internal conditions. To sense touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, or temperature changes on or in the body before these stimuli reach levels that may cause injury is vital to survival. |
| General (somatic) senses | Have receptors buried in many different organs throughout the body to detect touch, temperature, pain, etc |
| Special senses | Complex organs to detect vision, hearing, balance, taste, smell |
| What make it possible for the body to respond to stimuli caused by changes occurring in our internal or external environment? | Sensory Receptors |
| What is the general function of Receptors? | Responds to stimuli by converting them to nerve impulses |
| Receptor potential step 1 | 1)The potential that develops when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor; it is a graded response |
| Receptor potential step 2 | 2) When a threshold is reached, an action potential in the sensory neuron’s axon is triggered |
| Receptor potential step 3 | 3) Impulses travel over sensory pathways to the brain and spinal cord where either they are interpreted as a particular sensation |
| Intrafusal fasciculi | Muscle fiber that occurs in the muscle spindles in voluntary muscles |
| Osmoreceptors | Concentrated in the hypothalamus; activated by changes in concentration of electrolytes (osmolarity) in extracellular fluids. |
| Hypothalamus | a small, almond-sized structure located deep within the brain. Its primary role is to maintain homeostasis, regulating various bodily functions such as hormone production, body temperature, hunger, and the sleep-wake cycle. |
| Osmolarity | Distinct from molarity because it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute |
| Free nerve Ending | Bare nerve ending, is an unspecialized, afferent (carry impulses toward the CNS) nerve fiber sending its signal to a sensory neuron. |
| Encapsulated Nerve Endings | More specialized and more sensitive to a stimulus. The nerve endings are covered by connective tissue. E.g. receptors for touch and pressure (mechanoreceptors), which are lamellated such as Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. |
| Pain sensations | Pain sensations 1. Acute or fast pain fibers—mediate sharp, intense, localized pain 2. Chronic or slow pain fibers—mediate less-intense but more-persistent dull or aching pain |
Created by:
GabrielleBecker
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