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Module 8
Endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pituitary gland has an anterior lobe called the ______ and a posterior lobe called the ______. | Adenohypophysis; Neurohypophysis |
| The _______ lobe of the pituitary is part of the nervous system because it contains axon terminals that release chemicals into the bloodstream. | Posterior |
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary is part of the ______ system and it consists of ______. | Endocrine; Glandular cells |
| The gland that is made up of an anterior and posterior lobe is the | pituitary gland |
| What are effects of growth hormone? | stimulates cells to enlarge, increases protein synthesis, stimulates cell division |
| Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary gland are true? | It releases hormones into the bloodstream. It is composed of nervous tissue. |
| Somatotropin is more commonly known as what hormone? | growth hormone |
| How does growth hormone affect the metabolism of most body cells? | It decreases the rate at which cells obtain and use glucose. |
| Released by the anterior pituitary, the ____ hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation. | growth |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone is secreted by the _____ and acts on the _____. | anterior pituitary; thyroid |
| What are all molecular effects of growth hormone on target cells? | It enhances the movement of amino acids across plasma membranes. It increases the rate at which cells use fats as a source of energy. It stimulates liver cells to release glucose in the blood. |
| What endocrine gland secretes ACTH? | anterior pituitary gland |
| What would result in an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? | increased stress levels, increased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), decreased levels of adrenal cortical hormones |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are referred to as ______. | Gonadotropins |
| What hormone functions to stimulate estrogen secretion in the ovary and sperm production in the testes? | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| What hormone promotes secretion of sex hormones in both males and females and is essential for the release of egg cells from the ovaries? | LH |
| What pituitary hormone controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex? | ACTH |
| What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland? | ADH and oxytocin |
| What are the functions of FSH? | It promotes growth and development of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries. It stimulates production of sperm cells in males. It stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogens. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream. | hypothalamus; posterior pituitary |
| What hormone causes vasoconstriction and water retention? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ADH binds to V1 receptors on ________ and V2 receptors on ________. | smooth muscle in blood vessels; collecting ducts in kidneys |
| What are the two effects of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH? | water retention and vasoconstriction |
| What would cause an increased release of ADH from the pituitary gland? | decreased water intake, decreased blood volume, increased osmotic pressure in the blood |
| ADH binds to two different types of receptors on two different target cells. As a result, its mechanism of action in the two types of target cells is different. What are the two mechanisms of action? | a second messenger system using inositol triphosphate, a second messenger system using cAMP |
| What disorder is associated with ADH's inability to conserve water through the kidneys either due to a receptor defect or lack of ADH secretion? | diabetes insipidus |
| Which are functions of oxytocin? | stimulates uterine muscles to contract, stimulates mammary glands to release milk |
| Which of the following statements about oxytocin in males is true? | While it has no established functions in males, oxytocin is found in the posterior pituitary and may play certain roles during sexual activity. |
| What are some potential roles of oxytocin in males? | It may stimulate movement of fluids in the reproductive tract during sexual activity. It may stimulate sperm motility during sexual activity. It may play a role during penis erection. |
| Where is the thyroid gland located? | inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea |
| Extrafollicular cells: | Synthesize one hormone, affect calcium blood concentration |
| Follicular cells: | Synthesize two hormones, affect metabolic rates in other cells |
| Which of the following are functions of the thyroid hormone? | increases the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, determines the basal metabolic rate |
| What are thyroid follicles? | sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin |
| A patient presents with the following symptoms: fatigue, mental sluggishness, poor appetite and feelings of cold. What condition would you suspect? | Hypothyroidism |
| What are the characteristics of hyperthyroidism? | high metabolic rate, restlessness, hyperactivity |
| What is the role of calcitonin? | Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations. |
| What do Hashimoto's disease, infantile hypothyroidism, and goiter have in common? | insufficient production of thyroid hormone |
| Identify the hormone that decreases the rate at which calcium is lost in the urine. | parathyroid hormone |
| What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones? | maintain blood sodium levels and respond to stress |
| The adrenal cortex consists of epithelial layers divided in three regions: | Zona Glomerulosa (outermost layer), Zona Fasciculata (middle layer), Zona Reticularis (innermost layer). |
| Kari has been experiencing tremendous stress at work lately. It is likely that she will have elevated levels of hormones from her ___ glands in her bloodstream. | adrenal glands |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amine hormones collectively called | catecholamines |
| Place the substances in the order in which they are made during the production of epinephrine, starting at the top. | Tyrosine, Dopa, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine |
| Jessica recently had bloodwork which revealed an imbalance of mineral electrolytes. Jessica's doctor suspects she may have an imbalance of the adrenal hormone __ | aldosterone |
| What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids? | zona glomerulosa |
| What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? | cortisol |
| Cortisol secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ____ by the hypothalamus and ____ from the anterior pituitary gland. | corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) |
| What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)? | It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. |
| In the pancreas islets, _____ cells secrete glucagon, _____ cells secrete insulin, and _____ cells secrete somatostatin. | alpha, beta, delta |
| Manuel has recently lost a loved one causing undue levels of stress, which stimulates his hypothalamus to release more CRH leading to a ______ concentration of ______ until the stress subsides. | higher; cortisol |
| The term that means low blood glucose concentration is | hypoglycemia |
| How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus? | Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a lack of insulin, and type 2 diabetes mellitus results from an inability to respond to insulin. |
Created by:
Alena stephanoff
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