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Chapter 18 A&P
Nervous System Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system is made up of | The brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| What is stimuli | Stimuli are agents or factors that directly influence the activity of a living organism or one of its parts. They can provoke physiological or psychological responses and can be related to any of the five senses |
| What are the three main functions of the central nervous system? | Receive sensory information. Process the information it receives (integration). Respond with motor output. |
| CNS stands for | Central Nervous System |
| What is the central nervous system? | Your central nervous system (CNS) is part of your nervous system. It consists of your brain and spinal cord. Your CNS collects information from your sensory nerves to process and respond to them. It regulates everything your body does. |
| Where is the central nervous system located? | Your central nervous system is located within your dorsal (back) body cavity. This includes the inside of your head and at the back of your trunk. |
| What does the central nervous system look like? | Your CNS looks like a balloon. Your brain is the round balloon. Your spinal cord is the string to the balloon. Your brain and spinal cord are held within bone structures, connective tissue (meninges) and fluid (cerebrospinal fluid), which protects them. |
| What are common conditions that affect the central nervous system? | Alzheimer's disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Brain tumor. Inflammation (transverse myelitis). Spinal cord trauma. Stroke. Traumatic brain injury. |
| Limbic system in the brain | Is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.Its various components support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long-term memory |
| What are the signs or symptoms of central nervous system conditions? | Loss of consciousness. Muscle weakness or paralysis. Dizziness. Confusion and/or memory loss. Involuntary movements (muscle twitch). Headache. Pain, tingling or numbness in your arms or legs. Seizures. |
| The nervous system can be divided in 3 ways: | Structure, direction of information flow, or control of effectors. |
| Central Nervous System is (CNS) | The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The nerve tissues that lie in the periphery, or “outer regions,” of the NS. Connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Consists of nerves & ganglia. Transmits signals between the CNS, organs, limbs, and skin. Includes the SNS & the ANS. |
| Nerves that originate from the brain or exit through the skull are called... | Cranial Nerves |
| Nerves that originate from the spinal cord and do not exit the skull are called..... | Spinal nerves. |
| Afferent division | Part of the peripheral nervous system and is responsible for transmitting impulses from peripheral organs to the central nervous system (CNS). Sensory neurons within this division gather information from various sources and send it to the CNS. |
| Efferent division | The nervous system is responsible for conveying information away from the central nervous system (CNS). It controls voluntary movement (somatic efferent division) and involuntary body responses (autonomic efferent division) |
| Vertebrates | Animals with a backbone |
| Meninges | Three membranes layers that cover and protect your brain and spinal cord |
| Dura mater | A thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. |
| Arachnoid mater | Cushions the Central Nervous System Middle element of the meninges |
| Pia mater | The meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's contours (gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue. |
| Arachnoid barrier | Thin, transparent membrane that is part of the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the central nervous system. It is composed of fibrous tissue and has an outer layer of tightly packed flat cells. |
| Glial cells (gliocytes) | To surround neurons and hold them in place to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons to insulate one neuron from another to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. |
| Where is the Arachnoid barrier? | Lies between the inner layers of the meninges and the outer layer called the dura mater. |
| Gyri and Sulci | Gyri - are the folds or bumps. Sulci - are the indentations or grooves. They create the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the brain. |
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) | Voluntary nervous system Links brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles under conscious control, as well as to sensory receptors in the skin. |
| Somatic Motor Division | division of the motor system that controls the voluntary skeletal muscles, enabling conscious and intentional movement. |
| Ganglia | Clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body |
| SNS stands for... | Somatic Nervous System or Sympathetic Nervous System |
| ANS stand for... | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Regulating involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and pupillary response. |
| Sympathetic Nervous Systems (SNS) | Branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses during stressful situations. Its effects include, increasing heart rate Dilating pupils, inhibiting digestion, Mobilizing the body’s resources for immediate act |
| Parasympathetic Systems | relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed. responsible for many functions that you don’t have to think about to control. “rest-and-repair” |
| Sensory ganglia | Oval cell bodies w/nuclei that form in a circular pattern. Send sensory info to the CNS: This information includes touch, smell, taste, sound, & visual stimuli. Send other information to the CNS about body position & sensory feedback relating to organs. |
| Motor ganglia | Contain irregularly shaped cell bodies. Receive information from the CNS to regulate and control involuntary movements and functions. Involuntary functions include those of organs such as the heart and lungs. Send information to the CNS from these organs. |
| Basal ganglia | Help your brain control your body’s movements key part of the network of brain cells & nerves that control your body’s voluntary movements. They can approve or reject movement signals that your brain sends, filtering out unnecessary or incorrect signals. |
| Name the two types of ganglia | Sensory ganglia Motor ganglia |
| Location in the body of Sensory Ganglia | Dorsal roots of spinal nerves Roots of some cranial nerves |
| Location in the body of Motor Ganglia | The spinal cord: These are called the paravertebral ganglia. Internal organs: These include prevertebral ganglia and terminal ganglia. Located in the spine, form a long chain from the base of the skull down to the tail end of the spine. |
| Diseases/Conditions that effect Basal Ganglia in the brain and voluntary movements | Parkinson’s disease Huntington’s disease Dystonia Progressive supranuclear palsy |
| Location of Basal Ganglia | Brain |
| Literal meanings of the term "afferent" | carry-towards |
| Literal meaning of the term "efferent" | carry away |
| Effectors in the nervous system are.... | the term effector is used to describe an organ, a gland, or a muscle that responds to a nerve impulse. |
| Paravertebral ganglia | Located along the length of the sympathetic trunk, these ganglia are designated as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and, except in the neck, closely correspond in number to the vertebrae. |
| Terminal ganglia | Group of autonomic ganglia that receive central input from cranial nerves/sacral spinal nerves. |
| What is the purpose of Terminal Ganglia? | They are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms. These ganglia are located near or within the target effector & are sometimes referred to as intramural ganglia. |
| Enteric Nervous System | "Second brain" Embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, can operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. |
| Enteric literally means... | Intestinal |
| Three divisions of the autonomic nervous system are.... | Enteric Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Somatic effectors | Skeletal muscles |
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) also includes.... | The afferent (carry towards) pathways, making up the somatic sensory division, that provide feedback from the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) |
| Somatic Sensory Division | SSD is the part of the somatosensory system responsible for processing & transmitting sensory information from the body's surface & musculoskeletal system to the CNS. Ex: Touch, pressure, temperature etc |
Created by:
GabrielleBecker
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