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Anatomy Chapter 5
Chapter Five
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gross anatomy | The study of the body parts visible to the naked eye |
| developmental anatomy | The study of the human growth and development |
| pathological anatomy | The study of the diseased body structures |
| systemic anatomy | The study of the body by systems |
| metabolism | The process by which your body converts food and drink into energy. |
| Mitochondria | The “powerhouses” of cells that provide energy needed by the cell to carry on day-to-day functioning, growth, and repair. |
| Golgi apparatus | Set of sacs that provides a “packaging” service to the cell by storing material for future internal use or for export from the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of channels within the cell that act as “highways” for the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing. |
| organelles | Compartments within the cell that perform specific functions |
| Cytoplasm | Gel-like internal substance of cells that contains many tiny, suspended structures. |
| Endoplasm | The cytoplasm located toward the center of a cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | A small network located deep inside the cytoplasm |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | Makes proteins |
| Ribosomes | Translate genetic code into chains of amino acids |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Producing and distributing cellular products like proteins and other molecules throughout the cell + Synthesizing and storing lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membranes. |
| Polypeptides | A chain of more than twenty and less than fifty amino acids. |
| Other important job of smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Some smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzymes help cells destroy toxins, such as some drugs. |
| Vesicle | Compartments formed by a lipid bilayer separating their contents from the cytoplasm or extracellular environment. |
| Steps 1& 2 of a protein export system within the cell | 1)Proteins assembled by ribosomes are folded in the ER and pinch off in membrane vesicles. 2)ER vesicles move to the Golgi apparatus for processing and packaging. |
| Step 3 of a protein export system within the cell | 3)Entering the Golgi chamber, a protein undergoes chemical modifications and moves by a vesicle from chamber to chamber for further processing |
| Step 4 of a protein export system within the cell | Processed molecules are packaged in a membranous vesicle that pinches off and is pulled to the surface of the cell. |
| Step 5 of a protein export system within the cell | The vesicle “pops open” at the cell surface to release its contents into the space outside the cell. |
| Lysosomes | Helps the cell break down proteins and cytoplasm that are not needed to get them out of the way. |
| Autophagy definition | degrade and recycle unnecessary or damaged components within cells |
| Proteasome | Responsible for breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER, as well as destroying normal regulatory proteins in the cyto-plasm that are no longer needed. |
| Peroxisome | Detoxify harmful substances that may enter cells. Mostly seen in the liver or kidney. |
| Nucleus | Regulating gene expression, mediating DNA replication, and coordinating cell activities such as growth and metabolism. |
| Cytoskeleton | The cell’s internal supporting framework |
| Cell extensions | Certain Cell dependent on job, have projections from the cell membrane. EX: Microvilli, Cilia & flagella |
| Microvilli | Present on the surface of epithelial cells like those found in the lining of the intestine increase the cell’s surface area, which facilitates the absorption of nutrients, ingested food, and a water molecule. |
| Cilia | A short hair-like membrane protrusion from many types of eukaryotic cell. |
| Eukaryotic | membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum. Organisms based on the eukaryotic cell include protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. These organisms are grouped into the biological domain Eukaryote. |
| Flagella | Hairlike protrusions within cells that help with mobility. EX Sperm |
| Plasma membrane | Outer boundary of cell |
Created by:
GabrielleBecker
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