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Senses A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thermoreceptors | detect temperature changes Cold - Krause’s end bulbs Warmth - Ruffini’s end organ |
| Chemoreceptors | detect chemical changes (olfaction + gustation) |
| Photoreceptors | detect light |
| Mechanoreceptors | detect touch Touch - Meissner’s corpuscle Deep pressure - Pacinian corpuscle |
| Pain receptors | detect pain Pain (free nerve ending) (no special name) |
| Sensation | feeling that occurs when a brain interprets a sensory impulse |
| Visceral Pain | Occurs in visceral tissues such as the heart, lungs, intestine |
| Chronic Pain | dull aching sensation |
| Referred Pain | feels as though it is coming from a different part (heart pain may be felt as pain in the arm or the shoulder) |
| Acute Pain | originates from skin, usually stops when stimulus stops (needle prick) |
| Phantom Limb Pain | Pain the feels like it's coming from a body part that's no longer there Originates in the brain and spinal cord (Spinal cord and brain lose input from the missing limb and adjust to this detachment in unpredictable ways). |
| Regulation of Pain Impulses | Awareness of pain arises when impulse reaches the thalamus Cerebral cortex: determines pain intensity, location, and mediates emotional + motor response Nerve fibers release biochemicals that block pain signals |
| Biochemicals the nerve fibers release | Enkephalins: suppress acute and chronic pain, relieve severe pain Serotonin: stimulates other neurons to release enkephalines Endorphins: extreme pain and natural pain control Similar to morphine and other opiates |
| Projection | process where the cerebral cortex causes a feeling to stem from a source (eyes, ears) |
| Sensory adaptation | sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated |
| Sensory Deprivation | technique initially used by neuro-psychiatrists designed to deliberately reduce or completely remove stimuli from one or all of the senses. |
| What is the sense organ of gustation | taste buds |
| taste buds | located on small elevated projections on the tongue called “papillae” About 10,000 on your tongue 1,000 on the roof of mouth Each one of these contain a specialized gustatory cell |
| Basic chemicals of taste | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (possibly 6th being metallic + alkaline) |
| a taste pore | Tiny cilia-like gustatory hairs extend from each gustatory cell into an opening called |
| Aging | After age 50, ability to smell and taste decrease (Membranes lining nose become thinner & drier 🡪 olfactory nerve deteriorate) May eventually led to malnutrition |
| PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) | Used for testing of taste genetics (chromosome 7) PAV-PAV = TT = very bitter PAV-AVI = Tt = somewhat bitter AVI-AVI = tt = nontaster |
| Steps to olfaction | Molec particles enter nose Get caught in epithelium- full of neurons that carry smell receptors that latch onto smell molec Activated receptors trigger neurons to send impulse to neurons in olf. bulb Signals relayed from the olf. bulb to limbic system |
| Two functions of ears | Hearing and Equilibrium |
| External Ear | Auricle (pinna)- visible outer ear External Auditory Meatus/ear canal- pinna through temporal bone Modified sweat glands secrete cerumen (earwax) Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)- inner end of the auditory canal, separating it from the middle ear |
| Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) | Auditory Ossicles- Malleus, incus, stapes 3 very small bones named for their shape (hammer, anvil, stirrup); amplify sound transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| Oval Window | vibrates as stapes hits against it; passes vibration to fluid in Cochlea (Inner ear) |
| Round Window | acts as a “pressure valve” and allows oval window to continue to transmit vibrations in the cochlear fluid |
| Eustachian Tube | passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear, permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum prevents membrane rupture occurs when you yawn or swallow |
| Inner ear | Has structures that help to produce both hearing and balance cochlea (hearing), vestibule (balance), semicircular canals (balance) |
| Sense of Hearing | Sound occurs from vibrations traveling through ear and moving fluid in cochlea In cochlea r special neurons called HAIR CELLS Each sensory cell stretches from one membrane to another with a bundle of hairs touching a membrane |
| Organ of Corti | structure containing hearing receptors |
| Pathway of Sound waves | Sound enters pinna & vibrate tympanic membr🡪 malleus 🡪 incus 🡪 stapes🡪oval window 🡪fluid in cochlea moves to basilar membr 🡪 stims hair cells of Organ of Corti 🡪 creates action potential 🡪 auditory nerve 🡪 brain’s auditory cortex of temp lobe |
| Equilibrium | Vestibule (static- stability and posture) and Semicircular Canals (dynamic - sudden movement) Cerebellum - Interprets impulses from the semicircular canals and maintains overall balance and stability |
| Outermost eye layer | fibrous; Sclera (white of the eye; protections & muscle attachment) becomes the cornea in front Focuses entering light rays Transparent connective tissue Loss of transparency is leading cause of blindness |
| Middle eye layer: vascular | Choroid becomes the iris in front contains pigments that absorb light muscles control size of the pupil (opening allowing light into eye) |
| Inner Layer of eye | Retina - transduction occurs here Fovea – region producing sharp vision Optic disk– nerve fibers leave the eye & join optic nerve (have blind spot no receptors here) Vitreous humor –jellylike fluid supports internal structure & maintains shape of eye |
| Retina | contains photoreceptor cells Rods: more abundant and sensitive to dim light, detects all wavelengths, black & white not in fovea Cones: short, blunt projections, bright light, color, sharp images densely packed in fovea |
| Optic disk: “blind spot” | Where axons of sensory neurons leave the eye as the optic nerve Since axons are there, no photoreceptors in that spot |
| Colorblindness | inability to distinguish certain colors due to photopigment defect in cone cells 3 main kinds of color blindness Red-green color blindness: most common Inherited on X chromosome blue-yellow color blindness total color blindness: rare |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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