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Judicial Vocab
Vocab for Chapter 15 of AP Gov Textbook
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Standing to sue | The requirement that plaintiffs have serious interest in a case, which depends on whether they have sustained or are likely to sustain a direct and substantial injury from another party or from an action of government. |
| Class action suits | Lawsuits in which a small number of people are sure on behalf of all people in similar circumstances. |
| Amicus curiae briefs | A written document submitted as a “friend of the court” to provide additional information for justices to consider when reviewing a case. |
| Original jurisdiction | The power of a court to hear a case for the first time. |
| Appellate jurisdiction | The power of a court to hear a case that has already been heard and decided by a lower court. |
| District courts | The 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction. They are the only federal courts in which trials are held and in which juries may be impaneled. |
| Courts of appeal | Appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts, except in rare cases. In addition, they also hear appeals to the order of many federal regulatory agencies. |
| Marbury v Madison | In deciding this case about judicial appointments, the court established the principle of judicial review, empowering the supreme court to declare an act of the legislative or executive branch unconstitutional. |
| Supreme Court | The pinnacle of the American judicial system. The Court ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflict among states, and maintains national supremacy in law. It has both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. |
| Senatorial courtesy | An unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are usually not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee will serve. |
| Solicitor general | A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. The solicitor general is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government. |
| Stare decisis | The legal doctrine under which courts follow legal precedents when deciding cases with similar facts. |
| Precedent | a principle or rule established in a previous legal case relevant to a court when deciding subsequent cases. |
| Judicial implementation | How and whether court decisions are translated into actual policy, thereby affecting the behavior of others. The courts rely on other units of government to enforce their decisions. |
| Original intent (Originalism) | A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions or original meaning of the Framers. Many conservatives support this view. |
| Judicial Activism | Asserts that judicial review allows the courts to overturn current constitutional and cade precedent or invalidate legislative or executive acts |
| Judicial restraint | Asserts that judicial review should be constrained to decisions that adhere to current constitutional and case precedent. |
| Judicial Review | The supreme court’s power to determine the constitutionality of a congressional law, executive action, or state law or state court decision. |
| Attorney General | The position of the head of the Department of Justice and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States. |
| Political questions | A doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases, principally those involving conflicts between the President and Congress. |
| Federalist 78 | the argument for how its independence checks the power of other branches; life tenure for justices allows the court to function independent of the current political climate. |
| Warren Court | 1953-1969 - Edward Warren served as the chief justice. Both Brown v. Board of Education and Baker v. Carr. Liberal. |
| Burger Court | 1969-1986 - Warren Burger served as the chief justice. Roe V. Wade and Lemon v. Kurtzman. Conservative. |
| Rehnquist Court | 1986-2005 - William Rehnquist served as the chief justice. US v. Lopez and US v. Virginia. Conservative. |
| Jurisdiction | Legal authority delegated to the federal courts to rule on cases and controversies. |
| Article III | foundation of powers for the judicial branch; life tenure for justices allows the court to function independent of the current political climate. |
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aspringer6
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