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Anatomy
Assignment 1 Ch 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | Homeostasis is a key word in modern physiology. It comes from two Greek words--homoios, “the same,” and stasis, “standing” |
| set point | the normal reading or range of normal |
| four basic components in every feedback control loop | 1. Sensor mechanism 2. Integrator or control center 3. Effector mechanism 4. Feedback |
| afferent | means that a signal is traveling toward a particular center or point of reference. |
| efferent | means that the signal is moving away from a center or other point of reference. |
| variable | is any state or condition in the body that can change or vary. |
| sensor | must be able to identify the characteristic or condition being controlled. It must also be able to respond to any changes that may occur from the normal setpoint range |
| integrator | often called the integration center or control center of the feedback loop. |
| effectors | are organs, such as muscles or glands, that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| hypothalamus. | an integrator in the hypothalamus compares the actual body temperature with the “built-in” setpoint body temperature and subsequently sends a nerve signal to effectors. |
| negative feedback | They oppose or “negate” a change (such as a drop in temperature) by creating a response (production of heat) that is opposite in direction to the initial disturbance (fall in temperature below a normal set point). |
| Positive feedback | Positive feedback control systems are stimulatory. Instead of opposing a change in the internal environment and caus-ing a return to normal, positive feedback tends to amplify or rein-force the change that is occurring. |
| feed-forward | Feed-forward is the concept that information may flow ahead to an-other process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow. |
| Intracellular control | mechanisms operate at the cell level. These mechanisms regulate functions within the cell, often by means of genes and en-zymes. |
| Intrinsic control | Intrinsic control mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels. Sometimes also called local control or autoregulation, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. |
| Extrinsic control | means “outside” control and operates at the system and organism levels. Extrinsic control usually involves nervous and endocrine (hormonal) regulation. |
Created by:
elchavez3
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