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Chapter 6 APHY 101
Marieb chapter 6 flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three areas of a long bone? | Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Metaphysis |
| Why are bones considered an organ? | They are living dynamic tissue that responds to its environment. (contain different types of tissues that work together.) |
| How many bones within the skeletal system? | 206 (most of the time) |
| Major Functions of Bone | 1. Support the body 2. Protect soft organs 3. Produce blood cells 4. Store fat and minerals 5. Act as levers for muscles 6. Hormone production |
| 5 types of bone | 1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid |
| What composes the axial skeleton? | Skull, vertebrae, and rib cage |
| What composes the appendicular skeleton? | Limbs, including their girdles (shoulder and hip bones, ie. the joints connecting limbs to the axial skeleton) |
| Characteristics of Spongy bone | -sponge like -space is filled with marrow (red) -built like scaffolding (trabeculae) -found in the middle of a bone (width wise) |
| Characteristics of Compact bone | -looks solid (no visible spaces) - edge of all bones and within shaft of long bones |
| What do the periosteum and endosteum function as? | Connective tissue that provides blood, nerves, attachment points, and bone stem cells. |
| Where is the periosteum found? | Covers the outside of bone |
| How many layers does the periosteum have? | 2 layers: a Fibrous and Osteogenic layer |
| Where is the endosteum found? | lines inner surface of bone |
| What are the two types of bone marrow? | Red and Yellow |
| Where can each marrow type be found? | Red: inside spongy bone Yellow: Medullary cavity and spongy bone |
| Why are sesamoid bones different to the other types? | They contain no periosteum and are enclosed. Found only with tendons or muscles |
| What are the areas of a long bone? | Epiphysis (proximal and distal), Metaphysis, and Diaphysis |
| What is a nutrient foramen? | Small holes within the diaphysis for blood vessels and nerves. |
| What are the 2 components of bone matrix? | Inorganic, and organic |
| What consists of the inorganic bone matrix? | -Hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate) -Makes bones hard -2/3 of bone mass |
| What consists of the organic bone matrix? | -Collagen fibers and ground substance -Makes bones strong -1/3 of bone mass |
| 4 bone cell types | 1. Osteoprogenitor 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4.Osteoclasts |
| Why are there two different categories of bone cell types? | Osteoclasts are derived from white blood cells. Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, and osteocytes are derived from red blood cells. |
| Which two cells are used for bone remodeling? | Osteocytes and Osteoclasts. (they work together to maintain the skeleton.) |
| Which bone cell type has projections? | Osteocytes |
| Which bone cell can revert back to an osteoprogenitor cell? | Osteoblasts |
| Types of skeleton cartilage | Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic cartilage |
| What does the perichondrium do? | Acts as a reinforcement to resist outward expansions when the cartilage is compressed. |
| Which cartilage is most abundant in the skeleton? | Hyaline cartilage |
| Skeletal hyaline cartilages include: | Cartilages: -Articular -Costal -Respiratory -Nasal |
| Where can you find elastic cartilage? | Found in outer ears, and epiglottis (flap in throat) |
| Where is fibrocartilage found? | Found in knee and vertebrae |
| Types of cartilage growth | Appositional and Interstitial growth |
| What is appositional growth? | Cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium, that secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage. |
| What is interstitial growth? | Lacunae bound chondrocytes that divide and secrete new matrix. (expanding from within) |
| What is the different name for Osteon? | Haversian system |
| What comprises an osteon? | -central canal -lamellae -lacunae |
| What is a central canal? | Center of osteon, that contains blood vessels and nerves. |
| What is a lamellae? | Concentric rings of matrix (tree rings) |
| What is lacunae? | Chambers that contain osteocytes |
| What are the types of canals? | -central canal -perforating canal -canaliculi |
| What is a perforating canal? | Connect central canals to other blood vessels and nerves, or spongy bone. (large) |
| What is a canaliculi? | Connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. (small) Provides communication and transport between osteocytes. |
| What does the arrangement of lamellae do? | Gives bone strength in multiple directions |
| What is trabeculae? | Small rods in spongy bone. Containing lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi. |
| What other names are associated with spongy bone? | Sometimes called trabecular bone, or cancellous bone. |
| Types of bone ossification | Endochondral and Intramembranous ossification |
| What is an embryonic skeleton? | Consists only of fibrous tissue and hyaline cartilage. Bone tissue begins to develop around this time and replaces most of the existing cartilages. |
| What are the bones ossification types below the base of skull? | Endochondral, excluding the clavicle |
| What are the bones ossification types above the base of skull? | Intramembranous, and includes the clavicles! |
| Formation through Endochondral ossification | 1. Bone collar forms 2. Cartilage calcifies 3. Periosteal bud invades 4. Diaphysis elongates 5. Epiphyses ossify |
| What is the periosteal bud? | Contains: -nutrient artery and veins -nerve fibers -red marrow elements -osteoprogenitor -osteoclasts |
| What is the mesenchymal cell? | Cells of embryonic connective tissue |
| Formation through Intramembranous ossification | 1. Ossification centers develop 2. Osteoid is secreted and calcifies 3. Spongy bone and periosteum form 4. Compact bone replaces spongy bone |
| 5 zones of of growth | 1. Resting zone 2. Proliferation zone 3. Hypertrophic zone 4. Calcification zone 5. Ossification zone |
Created by:
eyounger
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