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Bobi-Jo McCalley
Anatomy Mid Term 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed an | organ system |
| The lungs are located in the | thoracic cavity |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cells | proteasomes |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle | mitochondrion |
| The mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to | skeletal muscles, mesenchyme and the heart |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly | cartilage |
| Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called | myeloid tissue |
| Zygomatic bone is a type of what kind of bone | facial bone |
| Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together | stratum spinosum |
| Pleura, peritoneum and pericardium are all examples of what kind of membrane | serous membrane |
| In anatomical position the wrist is (what) as compared to the elbow | inferior |
| Pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb describes an anatomical position | false |
| Head pointing forward describes an anatomical position | true |
| Body standing erect describes an anatomical position | true |
| the abdominopelvic cavity contains the stomach, pancreas and reproductive organs | true |
| The neck is (what) as compared to the right shoulder | medial |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the (which) plane | transverse |
| List the levels of organization of the body from smallest to largest | chemical organelle cellular tissue organ system organism |
| The reproductive system includes the ureter | false |
| Characteristics of life include | digestion conductivity circulation reproduction |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior is | coronal |
| How many abdominal regions are there | 9 |
| A sagittal section divides the body into | right and left |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than | tissue |
| Blood production is a function of which system | skeletal |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are | cells |
| Two major cavities of the human body are | ventral and dorsal |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called | tissue |
| The mediastinum contains the right and/or left lung | false. It does contain the trachea, venae cave and esophagus |
| The gallbladder is located in which cavity | abdominal cavity |
| Atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates | Molecules |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint | umbilicus |
| The brain is (what) as compared to the skull | deep |
| Examples of organelles include | Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria |
| What is referred to similar cells specialize to perform a certain function | tissue |
| The area behind the knee is called | popliteal |
| The gallbladder is found in which region | right hypochondriac |
| Frontal plane divides the body into | front and back |
| Anatomic term for "nearer the surface" | superficial |
| There are 11 body systems. Which one is least involved in homeostasis | reproductive |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as anegtive-feedback control loop, what effect woudl it have on uterine contractions | oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Negative feedback is responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature | true |
| Negative feedback maintains homeostasis and minimizes changes in blood glucose levels | true |
| Which protein substances with no DNA or RNA is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease | prion |
| The basic components of the basic control loop are | effector mechanism sensor integrating center |
| Transmittor is a basic component in a feedback control loop | false |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called | set point |
| Negative feedback control systems oppose change | true |
| Intrinsic control is sometimes called auto regulation | true |
| Positive feedback control systems accelerate a change | true |
| The course of disease developement is referred to as | pathogenesis |
| Where is the body's thermostat located | hypothalamus |
| Shivering to raise your body temp back to normal is an example of | the body attempting homeostatis and a negative feedback mechanism |
| A contraction of the uterus during childbirth is what kind of feedback mechanism | positive |
| The study of occurence, distribution and transmission is | Epidemiology |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called what | viruses |
| If you do not maintain a healthy lifestyle, control stress or have a healthy environment then you could develop a disease | true |
| Viruses, tapeworms, bacteria and protozoa are complex, but which one is the most complex | tapeworms |
| Homeostatis is best described as | a state of constancy |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is | autoimmunity |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of | protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number tells you | number of protons in the nucleus |
| What can form as a result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases, are electrolytes and will form crystals if water is removed | salts |
| Can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge is what | a molecule that is polar |
| The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains | 8 protons |
| Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability and this is called | octet rule |
| what is the force that holds two atoms together | chemical bond |
| As a result of which reation during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compund into smaller subunits | hydrolysis |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of | protons in the nucleus |
| What does hydrolysis do to a water molecule | it breaks down the compounds by adding |
| an element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called | isotope |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called | covalent |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen nbeeded to form water is an example of | synthesis reaction |
| A weak acid dissociates very little iin solution | true |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions increases the solution becomes more basic and the pH rises | true |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the o outer shells of two atoms is called what kind of bond | covalent |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge | protons and electrons |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or dcomposed into two or more different substances is called | an element |
| What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond | hydrolysis |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon |
| The water molecule has 2 distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Becuase of this, water is | polar |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is | synthesis reaction |
| ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by | the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion it must | lose an electron |
| What is called cations if they have a positive charge | electrolytes |
| Radon is not a subatomic particle | true |
| protons, electrons and neutrons are subatomic particles | true |
| Acids release hydrogen ions | true |
| hydrogen bo nds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule and this is said to be | polar |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if it's outermost electron shell contains how many electrons | 8 |
| Acids and bases and salts belong to a large group of compouds called | electrolytes |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells | metabolism |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____ and the solution becomes more _____ | down and acidic |
| which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances | decomposition reaction |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and. nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body | 96% |
| Fat, steroid and cholesterol are all lipids | true |
| is polysaccharid a lipid | false it is a carbohydrate |
| When two amino acids are joined a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released | false |
| the lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone | prostaglandin |
| What are information molecules | DNA and RNA |
| What determines how a protein performs | the shape |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base and a phosphate bond is a | nucleic acid |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but differnt prine bases | false |
| All proteins have these four elements | carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen |
| What term is often used to describe certain arragnements of atoms attached to the carbon core od many organic molecules | functional group |
| Proteins are polymer of | amino acids |
| The most important monosaccharide is | glucose |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid | false |
| Which polymer of glucose is sometimes referred to as an animal starch | glycogen |
| Any large molecule made up of many idential small molecules is called | polymer |
| The form of energy that cells generally use | ATP |
| The carbon containing molecules formed by living things are often called | organic molecules |
| chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of othe rproteins so they can have the correct functional shape | true |
| a saturated fatty acid is one in which | all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled |
| the term that means "water loving" and applies to phyospholipid head | hydrophilic |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules ____ is bound to ___ | adenine and thymine |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories | structural and functional |
| a _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons | free radicals |
| The amino group in an amino acid is | NH3+ |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids | degree of saturation |
| triglycerides and phospholipids contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end | false - they contain glycerol and fatty acids |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones such as cortisone, estrogen and testosterone are | steroids |
| Creatine phosphate does not contain a nucleotide | true |
| FAD, NAD and ATP are energy releasing or energy transferring molecules that contain nucleotides | true |
| Prostaglandin acts as a tissue hormone | true |
| The basic building blocks of fats are | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____is the main polysaccharide in the body | glycogen |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with "bad" cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is | LDL |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure | secondary |
| What has a double helix strand of nucleotides | DNA |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of | amino acids |
| Whcih fats will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms | unsaturated fats |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a | phospholipid |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is | nitrogen |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominat component | carbohydrate and protein: protein |
| Electrolytes are organic | false |
| lips, carbohydrates and proteins are organic | true |
| RNA contains th following | ribose sugar adenine composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides |
| Microvilli is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body | true |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads |
| The membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ribsomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Does the mitrochndrion have a double membrane structure | yes |
| Does Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum or centriole have a double membrane structure | no |
| The matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded and some of the proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called | transport proteins |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other | gap junction |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face | Golgi apparatus |
| A spherical. membrane bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the "command center" of the cell is the | nucleus |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endocplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae | mitochondria |
| This organelle is primariily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases | lysosome |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter intermidiate filaments, microfilaments, centrioles or microtubules | microtubules |
| Whcih area of the cytoplasm near th enucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell | centrosome |
| The inside of the cell is composed larely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm |
| This orgaelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells | peroxisome |
| The plasma membrane is composed tublin protein | false |
| The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycoproteins | true |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | control what enters and leaves the cell |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane |
| The centriole is not a cytoskeleton element | true |
| microtubule, intermediate filament and microfiliament are all cytodkeleton elements | true |
| What is referred to as the 'power plant' of teh cell and is the site of ATP production | mitrochondrion |
| The organelle that primarily modifies products from teh rough ER and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers with one cupped inside the next is | Golgi apparatus |
| Diffusion moves | Down a concentration gradient |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called | osmotic pressure |
| If oxygen is avaiable the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepeared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration called the | citric acid cycle |
| RNA makes proteins by | translation |
| Mitosis is subdivided into 4 phases | prophase anaphase metaphase telophase |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | phagocytosis |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | transcription and translation |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | doe snot depend on cell energy |
| two haploid gamestes are not a characteristic of meiosis | true |
| 4 haploid gametes, a reduction division and 2 steps of cell division are all characteristics of meiosis | true |
| Normal itosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| endocytosis is an active transport process | true |
| facilitated diffusion, diffusion and osmosis are not an active transort process | true |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute what will happen | water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates |
| Flycolysis occurs in what part of the cell | cytoplasm |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called | allosteric effector |
| In the electron transport system the final electron acceptor is | oxygen |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description; metaphase-chromosomes align along the center of the cell anaphase-mitosis is complete prophase - chromatin condenses into chromosomes telophase-nuclear envelope reappears | anaphase - mitosis is complete |
| The net movment of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concnetration | Diffusion |
| Transcription can best be described as the | synthesis of mRNA |
| Meiosis is called "reduction division" because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers | anaphase |
| Meiotic division occur in | primitive sex cells |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemcial reaction is | catalyst |
| In the DNA molecule a sequeence of 3 base pairs form | codon |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as ____ number | diploid |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase | S phase |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | hypertonic |
| The result of meiosis is | 4 daughter cells that are haploid |
| The net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration | Osmosis |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | nitrogen base |
| Proteins act as catalysts are called | enzymes |
| Phagocytosis is an example of | endocytosis |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump | 3 sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| Endocytosis is not an example of passive transport | true |
| Endocytosis involves passive transports such as dialysis, filtrations and osmosis | true |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to | hypertoophy |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called | aquaporins |
| Cellular energy is used in diffusion | false |
| Cellular diffusion can occur in living and non living cells and may occur into and out of the cell | true |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opporsite poles of the cell | prophse |
| NaCI would move through the cell membrane in which direction | both into and out of the cell |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatis pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of | filtration |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted | Golgi apparatus |
| The nucleolus is composed cheifly of | rRNA |
| Skin cells (epithelisal) are held tightly together by | desmosomes |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called | microvilli |
| The fundamental organization unit of life is the | cell |
| Ribosomes are considered non membranous organelles | true |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the | peroxisomes |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles tha thave pinched off from the Golgi appartus | lysosomes |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids and carbohydrates | false |
| Rough endocplassmic reticulum is made of broad, flattended sacs and has many ribosomes attached to it | true |
| In the cell membrane the hydrophiliic part of the phospholipid molecule | faces the exterior of the cell and faces the interior of the cell |
| which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells | immune cells |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called | microvilli |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called | chromatin |
| Functions of the integral membrane proteins include | acting as receptors signal transduction identification of 'self' |
| The _____ is often called the microtubule organizing center | centrosome |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle | nucleus |
| The indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called | caveolae |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily | cholesterol |
| The largest human cell is | Ovum |
| Ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane structure | true |
| Ribosomes contain the following | protein composed of a large unit and a small unit contain RNA |
| A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would be | microtubules intermediate filaments microfiliments |
| Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum include | supplies membrane for use throughout the cell makes steroid hormones makes glycoproteins |
| The nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains DNA | false |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called | ciila |
| The structure and function of proteasome are | looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER |
| The inner membrane of what double membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae | mitochondrion |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the | glycoprotein molecules |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the | lysosome |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell | proteasomes |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle | mitochondrion |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to | the heart skeletal muscles mesenchyme |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly | cartilage |
| Which principle type of of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities | epithelial |
| Cardiac is not a principle type of tissue | true |
| Principle types of tissue include | epithelial nervous connective muscle |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized)epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| What contains osteocytes | bone |
| Types of connective tissue include | blood adipose cartilage |
| Examples of intercalated disks | smooth muscle striated muscle blood |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae form the | basement membrane |
| The structure that lies deep to teh dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus |
| The most superficial layer of the epidermis | stratus corneum |
| Aaround the 6 month of pregnancy the fetus is almost entirely covered in a find soft hair called | lanugo |
| The connective tisse membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called | synovial membranes |
| Teh most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective |
| What junction glues the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis | dermoepidermal |
| Name primary germ layers | endoderm ectoderm mesoderm |
| Which is the most abundant protein compound in the body | collagen |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscles |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| Teh external ear is composed of | elsastic cartilage |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | extracellular matrix |
| Which type of tissue has cube shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Examples of serous membrane include | pleura peritoneum pericardium |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| Funtions of adipose tissue include | Insulates to conserve body heat supports and protects the kidneys stores excess food |
| Which vitamins are absorbed through the skin | Vitamins A, D and K |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called | nervous |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate | epithelial |
| Connective tissue characteristics | protects the body from foreign invaders supports the body transports substances throughout the body |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction | Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells |
| Which cells form the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood | Astrocytes |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat | brown fat |
| Characteristics of epithelial tissue include | forms glands that secrete substances into and out of the body covers and protects body surfaces lines the interior of body cavities |
| Characteristics of muscle tissue | cells are specialized to contract produces movement for the body generates heat for the body |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by | connective and epithelial tissue |
| Theh hypodermis connects what | the dermis to underlying tissues |
| of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum | basale |
| Charasteristics of skeletal muscles include | being attached to bone having striations having voluntary or 'willed' muscles |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | absorption secretion protection |
| What is a proteoglycan that can be found in the matrix of connective tissue | glucosamine hyaluronic acid |
| What are functions of connective tissue | transport support defense |
| hematopoietic tissue can be found in the | bones |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium | secretion |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways | true |
| Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called | myeloid tissue |
| Zygomatic bone is what type of bone | facial |
| anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the | sternum |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girle | clavicle and scapula |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder shaped structural units called | osteons |
| Fibrocartilage can be found in the | symphysis pubis |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions which are | axial and appendicular |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger shaped bone called the | sternum |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed, pubis, ischium, ilium, coccygeal | pubis |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist | carpals |
| The bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the | hyoid |
| If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that the pelvis belongs to a | female |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally | Fibula |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the | patella |
| of the 5 metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the ______metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones | thumb |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline |
| Which bone is located on the posterior aspect of the skull | occipital |
| The bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the | mandible |
| The two bones that form the framework for teh forearm are the | radius and ulna |
| Which structuresare unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal | fontanels |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis |
| _____fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage | collagenous |
| Where are the smallest bones in the body located | ears |
| Name types of bone | flat irregular short long |
| What structures firmly hold the foot bones firmly in their arched position | ligaments and tendons |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs | floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the skull - parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid or clavicle | clavicle |
| The dense, white fibroud membrane that coveres bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the | lacrimal |
| What are the two types/functions of bone marrow | red and yellow - produces red blood cells and stores energy as fat |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | epiphyseal plates |
| Name long bones | radius fibula tibia |
| When an astronaut is in space for 2 months what may happens to their bone density as compared to a person living on earth | the astronaut will experience bone loss at an increased rate as a person on earth |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal | it is semi solid and flexible and cartilage calcifies at a slow rate |
| Where can you find fibrous cartilage | pubic symphysis and interverbal discs |
| Describe the axial skeletal structure | provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Adipocytes found in the yellow bone marrow stores and releases ______ for energy | fat and triglycerides |
| Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident | protection of internal organs |
| Without red bone marrow bones would not be able to | make blood cells |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement | cartilages |
| Fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of | fibrous membrane |
| Which statement below is correct regarding fontanelles | the anterior and posterior fontanelles allow for overlaping of skull bones to decrease the diameter of the fetal head at birth allows for brain growth anterior fontanelle closes at about 2 years of age fontanelles are fibrous membranes |
| Hematopoietic stem cells that are found in red bone marrow can develop into a variety of different blood cells including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets | true |
| Functions of bone include | support protection mineral storage hematopoiesis |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the | humerus |
| The humorous articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| The humerous articulates proximally with the clavicle | false |
| A person with a fractued patella would expect discomfort in the | knee |
| If there is an injury to the occipital bone you may expect that which sense is damanage | vision |
| Until bone growth in length is complete a layer of the cartilage known as the ____ remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis | epiphyseal plate |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the | thumb |
| Name things dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood | blood clotting transmission of nerve impulses contraction of cardiac muscle |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals | calcium and phosphorus |
| What can cause skeletal variations | inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D mechanical stress age |
| calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| Normally bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of ____ | 35 and 40 |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located | in the diaphysis |
| After the age of 50 the denisty of bone | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity |
| Cylindrical and shape are not characteristics of epiphyses | true |
| Epiphyses have these characteristics | made of spongy bone contain red bone marrow |
| Characteristics of diaphysis include | hollow composed of compact bone |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe | false |
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