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APK 2100 Cells
Anatomy Chapter 2 s.a.p.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasma Membrane | Serves as an external barrier; acts as transport of substances into or out of the cell; externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones, neurotransmitters, etc) and in cell-to-cell recognition. |
| Cytoplasm | Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigment granules), and organelles, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm. |
| Ribosomes | The sites of protein synthesis. |
| Rough ER | Makes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell's membrane. |
| Smooth ER | Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detox. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane. |
| Lysosomes | Sites of intracellular digestion. |
| Mitochondria | Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell. |
| Peroxisomes | Enzymes that detoxify a number of toxic substances; catalase (the most important enzyme) breaks down hydrogen peroxide. |
| Microtubules | Support the cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; form centrioles. |
| Microfilaments | Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell's cytoskeleton. |
| Intermediate Filaments | The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist tension forces acting on the cell. |
| Centrioles | Organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form spindle and asters; form the bases of cilia and flagella. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus. |
| Nucleoli | Site of ribosome subunit manufacture. |
| Chromatin | Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins; DNA that constitutes the genes. |
| Cytoskeleton | An elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol, acting as a cell's "bones", "muscles", and "ligaments". (The three types of rods are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.) |
| Microtubules | (Cytoskeleton) Elements with the largest diameter, hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins. |
| Microfilaments | (Cytoskeleton) Elements with the thinnest structure, made of strands of the protein actin. |
| Intermediate Filaments | Most stable and permanent of the (cytoskeleton) elements, made of tough, insoluble protein fibers. |
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