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CH1 A&P
Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy and types | The study of structure. Gross anatomy: visible to naked eye Microscopic anatomy/histology Developmental radiographic anatomy |
| Radiographic anatomy | uses help of imaging to view anatomy that is not visibkle tto the naked eye. Ex: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fMRI: |
| fMRI | Functional magnetic resonance imaging . Type of tool. demonstrates increased blood flow, indicates specific uise in specific area. can also show CVA or necrosis |
| Microanatomy | require microscope to view. Ex: tissue/cells. biopsy |
| Physiology | The study of function. how the body works and organs integrate ex: molecular, cellular events, cell physiology, organ physiology, and pathophysiology |
| What is the essence of physiology? | To reveal the dynamics of organismal life? |
| How are anatomy and physiology integrated? | The study of function requires knowledge of structure. structure provides clues to function each can be studied separately, but function cannot be completely separated by structural aspects nor do structures stand isolated without function. |
| What is the smallest/basic unit of life | cell |
| How can flow, current, blood flow, and air flow be calculated? and what is it an example of | Flow = change in force/resistance blood flow=change in blood pressure/arterial resistance Air flow= change in air pressure/bronchiole resistance current: change in voltage/resistance example of applied physical law |
| What drives resistance up in blood vessels? | fatty build up increases resistance of blood vessles resulting in elevated BP, BP= blood flow x resistance |
| Pathophysiology | disease physiology aka abnormalities in physiology, usuallly traced back to the cellular event |
| List hierarchy of the body: | 1. chemical (atoms)/molecular 2. cellular 3. tissue 4. organ 5. organ system 6. organism |
| What are the organ systems? | 11 systems 1. integumentary 2. urinary 3. reproductive 4. endocrine 5. cardiovascular 6. skeletal 7. musculature 8. respiratory 9. Digestive 10. lymphatic 11. neurological |
| Tissue: | grouping of same cells with same function |
| Organ | grouping of same tissue |
| integumentary - function - composed - location | - covers external body - made of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nail - protects deep tissue from injury and synthesizes vitamin D |
| Nervous system - main organs - function | Made of brain, spinal column, and nerves fast-acting control system of the body responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
| Skeletal system - main organs - functions | - bone, cartilage, and ligaments - protects and supports organs - provides framework for muscles, site of blood formation, stores minerals |
| Muscular system | - muscle tendons - manipulates environment, locomotive, and facial expression - maintains posture and produces heat |
| Endocrine system | - cells and glands that secrete hormones - hormones carried by blood affect certain target tissue - Regular diff functions ex: growth, metabolism, reproduction, electrolyte balance |
| cardio-vascular system | heart, blood vessels, blood - heart pumps blood - blood is transported by blood vessels - important for gas transfer, nutrients, waste, products, defence mechanism |
| Lymphatic/immune | Made of bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels collect fluid from blood vessels and returns it to blood disposes debris in the lymphatic stream contains WBC needed in immunity |
| Respiratory | Made of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| Digestive | oral cavity. esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus, and liver |
| What is the function of the digestive system | breaks down food into small absorbable units that will enter the blood eliminate the indigestible into feces |
| Urinary system | kidney's, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| What is the function of the urinary system | eliminate nitrogenous waste from the body regulate water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood |
| Reproductive system | differs between male and female Male: prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Female: mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
| Function of female reproductive systems | - production of offspring - ovaries make eggs and female sex hormones - mammary glands make milk - other structures are sites for fertilization and development of fetus |
| environmental conditions that affect organization of the body | Affect cells, tissues, organs, in the way the integrate successfully ex: nutrients, oxygen, water, temperature, atmospheric pressure |
| Homeostasis | is the stability of the internal world. process that maintains internal environment within parameters despite environmental changes |
| What is the environment of the body that needs to be controlled? | Fluid surrounding the cells. |
| What is the total body water composed of? | Extracellular fluid (ECF): plasma and interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid (ICF): locates inside human cells total 42 liters of fluid x person that weighs 70 kg |
| Where is the extracellular fluid and what is it made of? | Locates outside the cell. 1. plasma: inside the blood vessels, make ~3 l 2. interstitial fluid: in-between the cells, ~11 liters |
| What percentage of person is water content? does it vary between people? | 60% of body weight is water content females have more than males |
| What are the percentages of water content in the body | 64% intercellular fluid, 8% plasma 25% interstitial fluid rest is minor components |
| capillaries | the smallest blood vessels that are very permeable to fluids and small molecules. restrict passage of blood cells and proteins barrier btw plasma and interstitial fluid |
| because capillaries are very permeable what happens? | plasma and interstitial fluids have similar ion and small molecule compositions. |
| cell membrane | has selective permeability, gatekeeper of in/outs of cells. prevents flowing in and out of interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid |
| optimal functioning of a cell depends on ? | optimal conditions of the extracellular fluid determines the state of the ICF |
| Where is the highest concentration of sodium located? Where is present the least? | 1. blood plasma 2. intracellular fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of potassium located? Where is present the least? | 1. most in intracellular fluid 2. least in blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of magnesium located? Where is present the least? | 1. Most, but not in great quantity in the intracellular fluid 2. least in blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of chloride located? Where is present the least? | 1. Most elevated in interstitial fluid, followed similarly in the blood plasma 2. least in intracellular fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of protein anions located? Where is present the least? | 1. most in intracellular 2. almost nonexistent in interstitial fluid 3. second least in the blood plasma |
| Where is the highest concentration of Bicarbonate located? Where is present the least? | HCO3- most in interstitial fluid, second in blood plasma least in interstitial fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of hydrogen phosphate located? Where is present the least? | most in intracellular fluid, almost nonexistent in blood plasma and intracellular fluid |
| Where is the highest concentration of sulfate located? Where is present the least? | Most in intracellular almost none in interstitial fluid and blood plasma |
Created by:
cguerrero8
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