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legislative process
legislative process in texas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| texas state gov | executive branch, judicial branch, legislative branch |
| legislative branch | house of representatives. senate |
| bill becomes law | draft bill (legislative council)-> any bill in 1st 60 days of session, after 60 days requires 4/5 majority to bring to floor |
| committee hearing | hearing must be posted at least 5 days in advance-> bill reported out (passed) vs no action taken (bill dies) |
| If Senate passes with no amendments then sent to Governor | If Senate passes with amendments then returned to the House |
| conference committee | Speaker and Lt. Governor each name 5 to the Conference Committee Committee meets to only reconcile the differences Report must be approved by at least 3 conferee from each chamber |
| conference committee | Report (compromise) from Conference Committee goes to both chambers There is debate but no amendments are allowed Pass or Fail vote If passed by both Chambers then sent to Governor |
| governor | Governor has 10 days to: Sign bill Allow bill to become law without signature (at the end of the 10 days) Veto bill 2/3 vote in each Chamber to override a veto |
| governor | If Governor receives a bill less than 10 days before the end of the legislative session then he has 20 days from the end of the session to: Sign Allow to become law without signature Veto Cannot override veto since not in session |
| Senate has different rules Committee hearings required to be posted at least 24 hours in advance | There is no calendars committee Local and Non-controversial bills are scheduled by the Senate Administration Committee Other bills are placed on the Regular Order of Business in the order they are received |
| Senate has different rules | The 1st bill introduced is a blocker bill so every other introduced bill waits behind it To be heard the author must file a notice of intent to waive the regular order to hear the bill. It requires a 2/3 vote. |
| Senate has different rules | After the 2nd reading the Senate often suspends the Constitutional requirement to have the 3rd reading on another day and takes up the 3rd reading right away |
| Senate has different rules | This requires a 4/5 vote The House rarely suspends the Constitutional requirement for the 3rd reading on a different day |
| be knowledgeable | Be a source of information on bills or issues Legislators rely on accurate and balanced information Information comes from many sources Some is only one side of story Be a trusted source If you mislead then you have burned the bridge |
| Gerrymandering | The Supreme Court has said that (Wesberry v. Sanders 1964) that Congressional districts must be of approximately equal-sized populations. …"as nearly as practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's.” |
| Gerrymandering | Similar ruling for state legislatures in Reynolds v. Sims (1964). It follows that political districts must often be redrawn to reflect changes in population. |
| Gerrymandering In 1812) | the governor of Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry, rearranged election districts in order to benefit the republican party. In an editorial cartoon , which was said to look like a salamander, given a monster's head, arms, and tailr \enamed "gerrymander." |
| Gerrymandering Gerrymandering is the drawing of political boundaries for partisan or narrowly political purposes. | Gerrymandering in the United States has been used both to dilute and strengthen the power of minorities. There are three main methods of gerrymandering, cracking, packing, and stacking. |
| How has Congress Regulated Redistricting? In 1967, Congress passed a law requiring all U.S. Reps to be elected from single member. | Congress in 1982 amended the Voting Rights Act to protect voting rights of protected racial minorities in redistricting. Within those laws, states have great leeway to draw districts, which often leads to gerrymandering. |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause; “one man, one vote”; ordered state legislative districts to be redistricted if necessary; |
| Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) | Ordered House of Representative legislative districts to be as near in population as possible; extended Baker v. Carr (1962) to the national government |
| Reno v. Shaw (1993) | No racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts. |
| Cracking | District representation tends to be proportion to minority representation but only if district and minority lines coincide. Cracking splits districts to dilute one group’s share of the vote. |
| Packing | Packing puts as many of one group as possible into a super-district. They will win that district but at the price of losing other districts in which they are made the minority. |
| Packing | E.g. take two districts in which group A has 55% of the vote in both districts and make it into two districts in which group A has 90% of the vote in one district and only 25% in the other. |
| Stacking Stacking, as in stacking the deck, is when district lines are redrawn to make minorities win in as many districts as possible. | Similar to packing but the goal of packing is to concentrate a group to reduce its power while stacking concentrates a group to increase its power. Stacking often creates “bizarre” looking districts. |
| manipulation of voters (neg) | “The gerrymander is used as a gadget to concentrate the strength of the opposition party in as few districts as possible, creating many inequities in representation as well as some geographic monstrosities.” (Binkley and Moos 1952, 819). |
| manipulation of voters (pos) | Construction of districts provides minority voice in legislative body. |
| Gerrymandering as Job Security for Politicians Gerrymandering is not just about who is represented. Perhaps even more importantly it’s about who gets elected and reelected and reelected. | Gerrymandering is used to create safe districts. Packing has been supported by a number of prominent minority politicians because even though it may dilute minority vote it makes their seat safe. |
| Gerrymandering can Reduce Seats-Votes Proportionality | In 2012, Democrats won 51 percent of the popular House vote in Pennsylvania but only won 5 out of 18 House seats. A deficit of 4 seats. |
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