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lab) week 2:cytology
cells, osmosis, diffusion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cytology | study of cells-> study of 2 on chemical and cellular level: diffusion and osmosis |
| cytosol and extracellular fluids are water based | phosphate heads-> attracted to solvent (and water) and face them |
| fatty acids tails-> repelled by water-based fluid but attracted to nonpolar | biological systems-> solvent is generally water |
| integral proteins | span width of membrane |
| peripheral proteins | located on only one face of membrane |
| cholesterol | steroid that stabilizes membrane's structure in changing temp |
| glycoproteins and glycolipids | function in cell recognition |
| plasma membrane | dynamic, fluid structure-> acts as selectively permeable barrier (gatekeeper) |
| microrilli | in parts of body where rapid absorption is necessary, folded into projections-> which increase its surface area |
| cytoplasm (what are 3 parts) | material inside cell. cytosol, cytoskeletal, organelle |
| cytosol | fluid portion of cytoplasm-> contains water, solutes, RNA, enzymes, other proteins |
| cytoskeletal | collection of protein filaments including actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
| actin filaments | small filaments located along plasma membrane and in core of microvillia -maintains shape of cell and function in cell movement |
| intermediate filaments | large, ropelike structures that maintain shape of organelle and the nucleus-> gives the cell mechanical strength |
| microtubules + what do they form | largest filaments-> hollow tubes that maintain the shape of cell, holds organelle in place, moves substances within the cell, and functions in cell division. - form core of motile extension from cell-> called cilia and flagella |
| cillia + abundant in what tract | small, hairlike extensions that beat rhythmically together to propel substances past the cell. - abundant in respiratory tract-> act like tiny brooms, removing debris that have been inhaled and trapped in mucus. |
| flagella + only found in what? | single extension-> propel the cell itself + sperm |
| organelles | specialized cellular compartments that carry out variety of function |
| peroxisomes (definition) | small, membrane- enclosed organelles, contain enzymes that catalyze reactions that metabolize certain types of fatty acids |
| what does fatty acid metabolism generate? | generates ATP (energy) for cell and prevents fatty acid from accumulating in cell and blood. |
| peroxisomes actions + what element | reactions from fatty acids generate large quantities of toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide (h202). To prevent cell damage, perox. produces an enzyme to break down H202. perox also synthesize phospholipids that are critical for normal functioning of nervous |
| mitochondria | bean shaped-> produces bulk of cell's ATP through breakdown of glucose and fatty acids |
| matrix | mitochondria are surrounded by a double plasm membrane-> encloses a central space. contains own circular mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, which enables them to produce their own proteins. |
| ribsomes definition + how many/ what subunits | small grancular ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis of cell. Each ribosome consists of 2 subunits-> composed of proteins and RNA-> ribosomal RNA, |
| ribosomes: float or attach? | some ribosomes float freely in cytosol, others are bound to membrane of another organelle or nucleus. |
| endoplasmic reticulum definiton + how many types | series of membrane- enclosed sacs. -2 types: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
| endoplasmic reticulum-> 2 types | - rough endoplasmic reticulum( RER)-> ribosomes on surface - smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)-> lacks ribosomes |
| (RER) | rough endoplasmic reticulum. - some of final steps of protein synthesis, modifying proteins that ribosomes have made-> particularly integral membrane proteins and proteins secrete from cell |
| (SER) | smooth endoplasmic reticulum-> catalyzes detoxification of metabolic waste products, alcohol, and drugs |
| what organ uses (SER) | cells of liver-> bodys main organ of deoxification have abundant SER to carry out reactions. SER also involved in lipid synthesis and stores calcium ions. |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of flattened sacs near RER. membrane enclosed sacs recieve vesicles from RER and other place in cell. Reactions within golgi apparatus modify and sort products within viscles. |
| lysosomes | "split" membrane-> enclosed vesicular organelles digest particles brought in the cell. |
| immune cells in lysosomes + examples? | phagocytes "eat" ingest and digest damaged cells, foreign cells. - ex: bacteria, cells infected with viruses, have large # of lysosomes |
| centrioles + called? + where does it appear | paired organelles composed primarily of microtubules-> located in central area called centrosomes. appear to be microtubule organizing centers, important in facilitaing assemby and disassembly of microtubules |
| nucleus + what surrounds it | cells biosynthetic center-> directs synthesis of nearly all bodys proteins, as well as synthesis of certain nucleic acids -nuclear envelope |
| nuclear envelope | surrounds nucleus by double membrane-> has holes called nuclear pores |
| chromatin + what region | in nucleus-> ball-like mass of tightly coiled DNA and proteins, RNA, dark-staining region called nucleolus |
| nucleolus | "birthplace" of ribosomes-> contains ribosomal RNA |
| diffusion | defined as movement of solute particles from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration until a state equilibrium is reached. |
| when equilibrium is reached, net diffusion stops, although particles continue moving | |
| diffusion is a passive process | requires no net input of energy by a cell |
| diffusion driven by | concentration gradient |
| concentration gradient | defined as situation in which 2 connected areas have different concentrations of a solute |
| rate at which diffusion takes places depends upon several factors | steepness of concentration gradient, temp, size of particle generally smaller particle size, steeper concentration gradients, and higher temp will increase rate of diffusion |
| diffusion-> movement of solute | osmosis-> passive process-> refers to movement of solvent |
| osmosis | movement of solvent from a solution with lower solute concentration to a solution with higher solute. |
| key feature of osmosis | occurs only through a selectively permeable membrane; membrane allows solvent to cross it but not the solute particles. solvent crosses membrane and moves to more concentrated solution, diluting it until both solutions have same concentration |
| compare solute concentration of 2 solutions | ex: cytosol and extracellular fluid-> concept of tonicity |
| tonicity | one solution's ability to cause osmosis relative to another |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) surround cell can have 3 variations in tonicity | isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic |
| isotonic | (iso= "same")-> ECF has same solute concentration as cytosol. both solutions have same solute concentration, both have equal ability to cause osomsis. result: no net movement of water in or out of cell in isotonic solution. |
| isotonic (pt 2) | solutions given by intravenous (IV) administration are always isotonic, and include 0.9% NaCI solution and 5% dextrose in water. |
| hypotonic | ECF has lower solute concentration than cytosol. means cytosol has more solute particles and greater ability to cause osmosis than ECF. Water will move into cell by osmosis-> may cause cell to swell and burst |
| hypotonic( pt 2) | ex: 0.45% NaCI (most sports drinks and pure water). given as IV fluids when patient has certain types of dehydration. Pure water however-> never given as IV fluid- solution is far too hypotonic-> can lead to death of a patient |
| hypertonic | (hyper="above"). ECF-> higher solute concentration than cytosol-> greater ability to cause osmosis. causes ECF to pull water molecules out of cytosol by osmosis. cell may shrivel or crenate as it loses water to ECF. |
| hypertonic(pt 2) | 3% NaCI and 10% dextrose in water. such solutions are only ever given by IV under very specific conditions |
| cell cycle + how many phases | cells going through continual cycle of growth and replication-> 4 phases |
| G1 | initial growth phase-> cell grows, develops, and carries out activites that are specific to cell type. some cells are amitotic, remaining G1 indefinitely. cells are said to be in phase G0. |
| amitotic | never divide |
| most adult nerons (nerve cells) are in G0, as are multinucleated skeletal muscle cells and mature bone cells | |
| S phase | period during-> cell's DNA is replicated. "S" stands for "synthesis" because another copy of DNA is synthesized |
| G2 | second growth phase-> cell makes its final preparations for division |
| M phase | during-> cell (sometimes aka mother cell) undergoes process of mitosis, divides its replicated DNA among 2 identical daughter cells. |
| also occuring during M phase-> process of cyokinesis-> mother cell's cytoplasm is distributed between 2 daughter cells | each daughter cell has same exact genetic and structural characteristics as orginial mother cell |
| interphase | portion of cycle from G1- G2, when cell is not dividing |
| in G1, cell has only a single copy of its DNA -> as cell enters S phase, DNA replication occurs | Human cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes: one set from mother, and one set from father |
| after DNA is replicated, each homologous chromosome exists in set of "identical twins"-> sister chromatids | when S phase has completed, cell enters G2-> G2 finished-> mitosis begins |
| mitosis-> 4 general stages | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| prophase | during-> nuclear membrane starts to degenerate and chromatin condenses into individual chromosomes. during this stage mitotic spindle organizing around centrioles-> begin migrating to opposite poles of cell |
| prophase (pt 2) | by end of late prophase, centrioles have reached opposite poles of cell. Microtubules called spindle fibers emanate from each side of mitotic spindle and attach to structure known as centromere- |
| centromere-> joins the 2 sister chromatids- one spindle fiber attaches to each side of centromere | |
| metaphase | see sister chromatids-> attached to spindle fibers, line up along equator of cell |
| anaphase | see spindle fibers shorten-> pulls centromeres apart, sister chromatid migrate toward opposite poles of cell. In addition, cytokinesis begins, and cell elongates |
| telophase | final phase of mitosis-> telophase-> divot called a cleavage furrow-> forms between 2 cells. As cleavage furrow progressively narrows-> cell is pinched into 2 identical daughter cells and cytokinesis is completed |
| telophase | in addition, during stage, nuclear membranes begin to reassemble, mitotic spindle become less visible, and DNA returns to its chromatin form |
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lunagmia
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