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VetAnatomy(LABS1&2)
Basic terminology of planes, relational, directional, action and bone terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cranial | toward the head |
| Caudal | toward the tail |
| Rostral | toward the nose (head only) |
| Dorsal | toward the back |
| Ventral | toward the belly |
| Palmar | refers to the sole side of the forelimbs |
| Plantar | refers to the sole side of the hindlimbs |
| Medial | toward the midsagittal plane |
| Lateral | away from the midsagittal plane |
| Superficial | nearer to the surface |
| Deep | nearer the center of the body |
| Proximal | toward the body (refers to extremities) |
| Distal | away from the body (refers to extremities) |
| Extension | Opening a joint (straightening arm) |
| Flexion | closing a joint (bending arm) |
| Adduction | Closing legs toward the body |
| Abduction | opening legs away from the body |
| Supination | Sole up |
| Pronation | Sole down |
| Thoracic Cavity | Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, |
| Mediastinum | the potential space that separates the left and right pleural cavities and contains essential structures like the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus and major blood vessels |
| Pleura | serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering necessary organs |
| Left Pleura Cavity | contains the the left lung |
| Right Pleura Cavity | contains the right lung |
| Parietal Pleural | Layer of pleura that lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the diaphragm and the mediastinum |
| visceral pleura | layer of pleura that directly covers the surface of each lung |
| costal parietal pleura | Lines the inner surface of the ribs and intercostal muscle |
| mediastinal parietal pleura | covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum, including the structures such as the heart, esophagus and trachea |
| Diaphragmatic parietal pleura | covers the superior surface of the diaphragm (excluding the pericardium) |
| pericardial mediastinal pleura | Specialized portion of the mediastinal pleura that directly contacts and adheres to the outer surface of the pericardium |
| pericardium | the sac enclosing the heart |
| Abdominal cavity | Contains the |
| Peritoneum | a continuous, serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs, providing support and allowing movement while reducing friction |
| Parietal Peritoneum | Serous membrane lining the inner surface of the abdominal and pelvis wallets, attached to abdominal muscles, diaphragm and pelvic structures |
| Visceral Peritoneum | Serous membrane that covers the outer surface of the abdominal and pelvic organs |
| Peritoneal Cavity | the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum |
| Intraperitoneal organs | Organs that are covered completely by the visceral peritoneum and are mobile (ex: stomach, liver, small intestine) |
| Retroperitoneal organs | Organs only partially covered by the peritoneum and lie behind it (ex: kidneys, pancrease) |
| Mesentery | double layer (both the parietal and visceral) of the peritoneum that suspends and connects Intraparitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall while allowing for the passage of blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. |
| Omentum | special folds of the peritoneum |
| Greater Omentum | a large fatty fold that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines, providing insulation and immune defense |
| Lesser Omentum | connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver |
| Mesoduodenum | Suspends the duodenum, provides a pathway for vessels, lymphatics and nerves that supply the segment of the small intestine |
| Mesovarium | suspends the ovary and connects to the broad ligament, providing a pathway for the ovarian artery, vein, lymphatics and nerves to reach the ovary |
| Mesosalpinx | Suspends the fallopian tube and is part of the broad ligament, providing support and connection of the tube and the ovary for egg transport as well as blood vessels and nerves |
| Mesometrium | Suspends the uterus, largest part of the broad ligament, extends from the lateral walls of te pelvis to the uterus, providing structure and conduit for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to the uterus |
| Broad ligament | Collective term for the peritoneal structures supporting the female reproductive organs |
| Pelvic Cavity | contains the bladder, rectum and reproductive organs |
| Pelvic Inlet | anterior opening of the pelvic cavity (entrance to the true pelvis) |
| Pelvic Outlet | posterior opening of the pelvic cavity (exit of the true pelvis), closed off by muscles of the pelvic floor |
| Tuberosity | proturbances on bones for the attachment of muscles (non-articular projection) |
| Spine or spinous process | pointed projection (non-articular) |
| Crest | sharp projection or ridge surmounting a bone or its border |
| Line | very small ridge |
| Head | rounded articular enlargement at the end of a bone |
| Condyle | an articular eminence somewhat cylindrical |
| Trochlea | pulley-like articular mass |
| Glenoid Cavity | shallow articular depression |
| Facet | articular surfaces or small extent (Not strongly concave or convex) |
| Fossa, fovea, groove or sulcus | applied to various forms of non-articular depressions |
| foramen | opening or passage |
| sinus | air-cavity within a bone; lined with mucous membrane |
| Long bone | have proximal and distal extremities and shaft with bone marrow and for muscular attachment (ex: hummers; femur) |
| short bone | cubic in form and no medullary cavity (ex: carpal) |
| reduced (aborted) bone | no or low bone marrow and only proximal extremity and muscular attachment and protection (ex: ulna, fibula, splints) |
| flat bone | broad flat surface; protect organs and provide large surface area for muscular attachment (skull, scapula) |
| sesamoid bone | short bones, lie within tendons or ligaments of some joints, decrease the friction or change the direction of the tendons and navicular bones |
| irregular bone | irregular shape; muscle attachment and protection (vertebrae) |
| pneumatic bone | contain air spaces |
| splanchnic bone | develops in a soft organ (os penis in dog & cat) |
| Nasal bones | small paired bones forming the bridge of the nose |
| incisive bones | a bone at the anterior part of the upper jaw, housing the incisor teeth |
| Maxillary | paried bones forming the upper jaw, housing the upper teeth and contributing to the orbital and nasal cavity |
| Frontal bone | single bone forming the forehead, part of the cranium, and the upper portion of the eye sockets |
| Parietal bones | Paired bones forming the sides and roof of the cranium |
| Temporal bones | Paired bones on the sides of the skull, housing the ear structures and contributing to the cranial base |
| Occipital bone | Single bone at the back and base of the skull, containing the foramen magnum where the spinal cord passes through |
| Zygomatic Process | a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch |
| Zygomatic Arch | the cheekbone structure formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone |
| External Acoustic Meatus | external opening of the ear canal leading to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), it transmits sound waves to the middle ear |
| Tympanic Bullae | Smooth, only structures on the ventral side of the skill, housing parts of the middle ear and enhancing sound resonance |
| Foramen Magnum | large opening at the base of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes to connect with the brain |
| Occipital Condyles | Paired, rounded projections on either side of the foramen magnum that articulate with atlas to allow head movement |
| Orbital Fissure | slit-like opening in the skill, located near the orbit, transmitting cranial nerves iii, iv and v (ophthalmic branch) |
| Rostral Alar Foramen | an opening in the sphenoid bone that allows the maxillary artery and nerve to pass through connecting to the caudal alar foramen |
| Lacrimal bone | A small bone located in the medial wall of the orbit, housing the lacrimal sac and contributing to tear drainage in the nasal cavity |
| palatine bones | a bone forming part of the hard plate, nasal cavity and orbit, located at the posterior part of the oral cavity |
| mandibular symphsis | cartilaginous fusion at the midline where the two halves of the mandible meet in species with paired mandibles |
| madibular body | horizontal part of the mandible that contains the lower teeth, supports the tongue and muscles of mastication |
| Mid-ramus | vertical portion of the mandible located between the mandibular body and condylar and coronoid processes, forming the connection to the temporal bone for jaw movement |
| coroniod process | the dorsal projection of the mandible, providing attachment for the temporal is muscle (important for closing the jaw) |
| condylar process | the posterior projection of the mandible that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| angular process | A small posterior extension of the mandible near the base of the ramus, serving as an attachment site for jaw-closing muscles like the masseter |
| hyoid apparatus | series of bones and cartilages that connect the skull to the larynx and pharynx, aiding in swallowing and vocalization |
| Stylohyoid | extends from the skull to the hyoid apparatus |
| epihyoid | connects the stylohyoid to the ceratohyoid |
| ceratohyoid | links the epihyoid and basihyoid |
| basihyoid | the central unpaired bone, anchoring the apparatus |
| thyrohyoid | connects to the base of the larynx |
| Carnasssial | large shearing teeth in carnivores (upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar) |
| dental formula (dog) | I3/3, C1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3 X2 =42 |
| vertebrae formula (dog) | C7, T13, L7, S3, Cy -20-24 |
| atlas (c1) | “Yes” vertebrae t (nodding) |
| axis (c2) | ”no” vertebrae (rotation) |
| lateral vertebral foramen | opening on the lateral side of some vertebrae (atlas) through which the first cervical spine nerve passes |
| transverse foramen | found in the transverse process of cervical vertbrae, allowing passage of the vertebral artery, vein and nerve |
| dens | a tooth-like projection from the body of the axis, which articulates with the atlas to allow head rotation |
| costal fovea | small depressions on the thoracic vertebrae where the ribs articular, typically on the vertebral body or transverse process |
| median sacral crest | a ridge formed by the fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae, located on the dorsal surface of the sacrum |
| hemal arches | bony arches found on the ventral side of some caudal vertebrae in some animals, protecting the blood vessels (caudal artery and vein) |
| annulus fibrous | the tough, outer fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc, providing structure and stability to the disc |
| nucleus pulposus | The soft, gel-like center of an intervertebral disc, acting as a shock absorber and allowing for spinal flexibility |
| sternal ribs | true ribs, 1st -9th pairs that connect directly to the sternum |
| asternal ribs | false ribs, 10th-12th pairs that connect via costal cartilage to the costal arch |
| floating ribs | 13th pair, ending freely |
| sternebrae | individual bony segments of the sternum in young animals, which fuse over time to form a solid sternum in adults |
| manubrium | the cranial-most sternabrae, forming the upper part of the sternum and serving as an attachment point for the first ribs and clavicle (if present) |
| xiphoid | the caudal-most sternabrae, providing attachment for abdominal muscle |
| xiphoid process | cartilaginous (or ossified) projection extending from the caudal-most sternabrae |
| costal cartilage | the cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage of other ribs, allowing flexibility and elasticity in the ribcage |
| costochondral junction | the area where the bony rib meets its costal cartilage, forming a flexible connection essential for breathing movements |
Created by:
Kelleyab
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