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Maxine M. Weeks 1-5
Anatomy Weeks 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A coronal section through the human body can | pass through both ears |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | developmental anatomy |
| The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. | superieor |
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. | anterior |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | coronal |
| _____ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ. | medullary; cortical |
| Muscles are ________ to the skin. | deep |
| The inguinal region lies | where the thigh joins the trunk |
| The brain is ________ to the skull. | deep |
| An example of a tissue in the body is | epithelium |
| The knee is ________ to the foot. | proximal |
| The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a spinal cavity. | true |
| The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity. | dorsal |
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back |
| All of the following are characteristics of human life except | synthesis by scientists |
| Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? | gallbladder |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavities. | abdominal and pelvic |
| Another name for the midsagittal plane is | median |
| Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? | spinal cord |
| The ________ system is involved in immunity. | lymphatic |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means: | toward the head |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| Anatomy is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | structure |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. | superior |
| Physiology is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | function |
| Two major cavities of the human body are | ventral/dorsal |
| The number of abdominal regions is | nine |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n) | tissue |
| Blood production is a function of which system? | skeletal |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are | cells |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n) | tissue |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n) | tissue |
| The lungs are located in the | thoracic cavity |
| In anatomical position the wrist is ___________ as compared to the elbow. | inferior |
| Popliteal refers to the | area behind the knee |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? | superficial |
| Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? | balance |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? | the pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | proximal |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | organ |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | front and back |
| Molecules are | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint? | umbilicus |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the | ureter |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the | heart |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of | organelles |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is | coronal |
| The gallbladder lies in the | abdominal cavity |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| The mediastinum contains all of the following except the | right lung |
| The structure that is called the “powerhouse” of the cell is the | mitochondria |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the | solution becomes more basic and pH rises |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called | electrolytes |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond. | covalent |
| What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond? | hydrolysis |
| A force holding two atoms together is a(n) | chemical bond |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | protons and electrons |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | hydrolysis |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. | eight |
| The atomic number tells you the | number of protons in the nucleus |
| A weak acid | dissociates very little in solution |
| Electrolytes are | called cations if they have a positive charge |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | element |
| Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. This tendency is called the | octet rule |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| A molecule that is polar. | can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge |
| Salts | can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases, are electrolytes, and will form crystals if the water is removed |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called | covalent |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must | lose an electron |
| The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains | eight protons |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | isotope |
| Acids | release hydrogen ions |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | decomposition reaction |
| Hydrolysis _____ a water molecule. | breaks down compounds by adding |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a | synthesis reaction |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. | down; acidic |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | polar |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be | polar |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of | protons in its nucleus |
| Which of the following is not a subatomic particle? | radon |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96% |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells? | metabolism |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon |
| Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the | transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| An example of an element would be | Ne |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of | catabolism, anabolism, and ATP requirements |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called | dehydration synthesis |
| The octet rule refers to the | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| An ionic bond is formed by | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of | protons and neutrons |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n) | electron |
| The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are) | water |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | decomposition |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is | two |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | helium |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? | high specific heat , high heat of vaporization, and strong polarity |
| Acids | are proton donors, taste sour, release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution |
| An example of a catabolic process is | hydrolysis |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? | ion |
| Which of the following bonds are the weakest? | hydrogen |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the | solution becomes more acidic |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. | alkaline (basic) |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of | one proton and two neutrons |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | four |
| In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will | turn blue |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | exchange |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called | bases |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of | protons |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12; 13; 10 |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | gap junction |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. | Golgi apparatus |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | peroxisome |
| Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondrion |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the | nucleus |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | microvilli |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | control what enters and leaves the cell |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. | mitochondria |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane |
| Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | mitochondrion |
| This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes. | peroxisome |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except | tubulin protein |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | microtubules |
| Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? | they are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids |
| This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. | lysosome |
| Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? | centriole |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called | transport proteins |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | lysosomes |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called | chromatin |
| Which of the following is not true about ribosomes? | surrounded by a membrane structure |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of | rRNA |
| Main cell structures include all of the following except | interstitial fluid |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | cell division |
| Which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | it makes lipids and carbohydrates |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? | mitochondrion |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the | phospholipid bilayer |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called | caveolae |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the | lysosome |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the | cell |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as | plasma membrane |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | cholesterol |
| A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the | flagellum |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | microfilament |
| The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center. | centrosome |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the | peroxisomes |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | proteasomes |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the | glycoprotein molecules |
| The nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains DNA. | false |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? | mitochondrion |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by | desmosomes |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells? | immune cells |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called | cilia |
| Which of the following does not describe a structure or function of the proteasome? | 1. breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER 2. looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits 3. requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in |
| In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule | 1. faces the exterior of the cell 2. faces the interior of the cell |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called | microvilli |
| Which of the following is an example of a serous membrane? | 1. pleura 2. peritoneum 3. pericardium |
| The External Ear is composed of | elastic cartilage |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to | 1. the heart 2. skeletal muscles 3. mesenchyme |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective |
| lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | collagen |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix |
| Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the | lanugo |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes. | synovial |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | cerumen |
| Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? | cardiac |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which of the following is not a principal type of tissue? | cardiac |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| Adipose tissue is | a storage tissue |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| Which of the following bones form the framework of the hand? | metacarpals |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline |
| What structures firmly hold the foot bones firmly in their arched position? | ligaments and tendons |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures |
| The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the | patella |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the skull? | clavicle |
| The bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the | mandible |
| If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that this pelvis belongs to a | female |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the | sternum |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? | clavicle and scapula |
| _____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage. | collagenous |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | fibula |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis |
| Which of the following is a facial bone? | zygomatic bone |
| Of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones. | thumb |
| Which of the following is a bone in the axial skeleton? | vertebra |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| Fibrocartilage can be found in the | symphysis pubis |
| Anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the | sternum |
| Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue. | connective |
| The extracellular components of bone matrix are | hard and calcified |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the | lacrimal |
| Which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | femur |
| Which bone is located on the posterior aspect of the skull? | occipital |
| Where are the smallest bones in the body located? | ears |
| Which of the following is(are) not in the appendicular skeleton? | vertebrae |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? | floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum |
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