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Chapter 18 Vocab

TermDefinition
Enlightened Absolutism Absolutist monarchs using Enlightenment ideas in government. Most monarchs were not completely 'enlightened' and just used some ideas while remaining despots. Some 'Enlightened Monarchs' were King Joseph II, Maria Theresa, and Catherine the Great.
Balance of Power A system that aimed to maintain international order and peace by following any increase in strength of one nation-state with an increase in strength of his geographic or political enemies
Little Ice Age A climatic shift that caused harsher winters and shorter growing seasons, leading to widespread agricultural challenges.
Prussia A historical region comprised of parts of the modern-day nations of Germany, Poland, Russia, and others. It expanded a lot in 17th and 18th centuries under Frederick II, becoming the foremost military power in Europe. Frederick William I freed surfs.
Anglo-French Rivalry Long-standing rivalry between England and France, which began with the start of the Austrian War of Succession and ended with the Seven Years' War
Putting-out System Type of labor organization and production system used in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was based on household production, in which home-based workers used raw materials provided by employers to produce finished or semi-finished goods
Cottage Industry Production of goods, often involving family members or a small group of artisans. (out of cottages, basically)
Joseph II (Austria) Son of Maria Theresa, he was a Holy Roman Emperor who used a lot of Enlightenment ideas to attempt to modernize the Hapsburg Empire.
Seven Years War AKA the French Indian War, fought mainly between Britain and France over French territories in North America because Britain wanted more trade. France lost. Fo recoup debt from war, Britain taxed the colonies more which led to the American Revolution.
Frederick II (Prussia) The king of Prussia from 1740–86, he was a smart military campaigner who, through wars and diplomatic strategies, greatly enlarged Prussia's territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe. Also known as Frederick the Great.
Maria Theresa (Austria) Absolute monarch over Hapsburg dominions for forty years, and the only female Hapsburg sovereign. She implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency
War of the Austrian Succession Major conflict in Europe that erupted over Maria Theresa's succeeding the Hapsburg throne after the death of her father, Charles VI. Prussia invaded due to a want for Silesia and France helped
Diplomatic Revolution When a bunch of major European alliances got switched around between the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War. Prussia and Great Britain formed an alliance, Austria and France allied, Russia and Sweden joined the Franco-Austrian Alliance.
Frederick William I (Prussia) King of Prussia in the 17th century who turned Prussia into a big military power and emphasized strong government. He gained Prussia a lot of territory and generally just made Prussia a lot more forbiddable of a force in Europe
Bank of England The central bank in the United Kingdom established in the 1690s mainly to help fund the war against France.
Middle Passage Part of the journey from Africa to the colonies that was used to transport slaves by the millions. It was a really dangerous and horrible journey, with many of the people dying on the way.
Plantation Economy An agricultural system that focused on mass production of cash crops, usually using enslaved labor to run plantations. It was really common in the colonies
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