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Chapter 15&16 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute Monarchy | A system of government where a single ruler rules by some inherent right and has complete centralized authority or sovereignty over the state and government |
| Divine Right | A political doctrine asserting that a monarch's authority comes directly from God, and thus, the king is not subject to any earthly authority. |
| Louis XIV | Also known as the Sun King, he ruled France from 1643-1715. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars(including the Wars of the League of Augsburg and Spanish Succession) and established absolutism in France. |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | Comptroller-General of Finances under Louis XIV. He was responsible for developing trade, industry and the merchant navy, modernising Paris, and backing new advances in the sciences. |
| Partition [Destruction] of Poland | Three territorial divisions of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795, perpetrated by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, by which Poland's size was progressively reduced until, after the final partition, the state of Poland ceased to exist |
| Peter the Great (Russia) | The Tsar, and later Emperor, of Russia at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Made incredible progress in the development of Russia's economy and trade, education, science and culture, and foreign policy. |
| Glorious Revolution | A bloodless coup in which James II was overthrown, leading to the establishment of William and Mary as co-monarchs, solidifying constitutional monarchy in England. |
| Dutch Republic | A confederation of seven northern provinces that emerged from the Union of Utrecht, becoming a major economic and naval power in Europe during the 17th century.Jun 18, 2024 |
| Merchant oligarchy [Ch. 12] | The political systems in which a small group of wealthy merchants hold significant power and influence over governance and economic policies. |
| Battle [Siege] of Vienna, 1683 | Expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland. |
| Ottoman Empire | A powerful Islamic state that lasted from the late 13th century until the early 20th century, covering parts of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. |
| Louis XIV’s wars | During Louis's reign, France was the leading European power and fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. |
| Baroque | A style of European architecture, art, and music in the 17th and 18th centuries that was characterized by ornate detail, exaggerated motion, exuberance, and grandeur. |
| Scientific Revolution | The era of scientific thought in europe between the 16th and 18th centuries during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned. |
| Copernicus | Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. |
| Galileo | A natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method. |
| Newton | An English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, known for his Law of Universal Gravitation, Three Laws of Motion, and invention of the reflecting telescope. |
| William Harvey | An English physician who made groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of the circulatory system, specifically the discovery of blood circulation through the body. |
| Francis Bacon | An English philosopher and statesman, known for developing the empirical method and promoting the scientific approach to knowledge. |
| Rene Descartes | A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. His ideas laid the groundwork for the development of rationalism and had a profound influence during a period marked by significant scientific and intellectual advancements. |
| London | ... a city? In England? |
| Empiricism | The use of experiment and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge, created by Francis Bacon. |
| Smallpox Inoculation | A medical practice that involves introducing a small amount of the smallpox virus into a healthy person to stimulate immunity against the disease. It was kind of the first successful vaccine. |
| Paracelsus | Paracelsus invented chemical therapy, chemical urinalysis, and suggested a biochemical theory of digestion. The man who pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine. |
| Johannes Kepler | A German mathematician and astronomer known for his groundbreaking laws of planetary motion that challenged the traditional geocentric models of the universe. |
| Andreas Vesalius | Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of biology & practice of medicine by his careful description of the anatomy of the human body. |
| La Querelle des Femmes | "Arguments About Women." A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine. |
| English Bill of Rights | Passed by Parliament in order to justify the forced abdication of James II. Limits the power of the monarchy by creating a separation of powers, therefore enhancing and protecting the rights of citizens |
| Dutch War, 1672-1678 | The second war of conquest by Louis XIV of France, whose chief aim in the conflict was to establish French possession of the Spanish Netherlands after having forced the Dutch Republic's acquiescence. |
| Dutch Golden Age | A period of great wealth, cultural achievement, and naval dominance for the Netherlands during the 17th century. This era is marked by remarkable advancements in art, science, and trade, as well as the establishment of a powerful maritime empire. |
| War of the Spanish Succession | A conflict over the succession to the throne of Spain after the death of Charles II, who had no children and would be the last king of the Habsburg Dynasty to rule Spain. (1701-1714) |
| Nine Years’ War/War of the League of Augsburg, | A conflict provoked by the French king. Louis XIV was pushing his expansive Reunion politics. League of Augsburg, Coalition formed in 1686 to oppose the expansionist plans of Louis XIV |
| Bernini | A leading Italian artist and architect of the Baroque period, renowned for his sculptures and use of space. His work shows the emotional characteristics of Baroque art, as well as the transition from the Mannerist style that preceded it. |
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TrapeziousMilkington
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