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Chapter 17 Vocab
AP Euro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Voltaire | A French thinker of the Enlightenment. Wrote about his admiration of English religious and political freedom, his criticism of absolute monarchy and traditional religion, and his belief that God did wasn't involved in day to day life like Christians said |
| Diderot | Enlightenment thinker who edited the Encyclopedia, a twenty eight volume collection of philosophe's ideas for reform that included religious tolerance, and programs which should lead to a more reasonable and humane society. |
| Locke | A philosopher who believed in tabula rasa, or the theory that everyone is born with a blank mind and therefore their knowledge is derived from their environment and experiences, rather than heritage or faith |
| Rousseau | Enlightenment thinker who thought that the government was a necessary evil, and that people should be ruled by their general will (what was best for all was best for one). He also thought education should foster natural instincts |
| Natural Rights | Fundamental rights that every individual possesses simply by being human, which include the rights to life, liberty, and property |
| Salons | Places where the wealthy could gather and discuss Enlightenment views safely. Promoted conversation and sociability between classes and spread Enlightenment ideas |
| Adam Smith | Enlightenment thinker who focused on the economy. In his 'The Wealth of the Nations' he attacked mercantilism because he didn't like tariffs, he thought labor was the key to wealth, and that the state shouldn't interfere with the economy |
| Free Trade | An economic policy that allows for the unrestricted exchange of goods and services between countries, without tariffs, quotas, or other barriers |
| Free Market | An economic system where prices for goods and services are determined by open competition among private businesses, with minimal government intervention |
| Deism | The belief that after God created the universe He ceased to be involved in it, allowing it to be run according to it's own natural laws |
| Skepticism | A doubtful attitude, especially around religion. Grew during the Enlightenment as philosophes questioned Christian ideas, using science and reason to guide their actions instead |
| Atheism | Belief that there is no God. There were a few atheists ideas circulating during the Enlightenment, although it was still a little uncomfortable for some people. People mostly just moved away from involving religion in everything they did |
| Religious Toleration | The acceptance of different religious beliefs without persecution, a system that many Enlightenment thinkers pushed for |
| Romanticism | A nineteenth century intellectual movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment, instead stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion and imagination |
| Neoclassicism | An artistic movement during the late eighteenth century, which sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of classic ancient Greek and Roman styles |
| Bach | A Baroque-style musician, famous for his composition of Mass in B Minor, Saint Matthew's Passion, and many cantatas and motets which established his reputation as one of the greatest composers of all time. His music was a means to worship God |
| The Encyclopedia | Denis Diderot's contribution to the Enlightenment, which included many philoshophe's attacks on religious superstition, and suggested programs of social, legal and political improvements which would create a more humane, tolerant, and reasonable society |
| On Crime and Punishment | Cesare Beccaria's essay, in which he argued that punishments should not be the exercise in brutality that they were. He was opposed to capital punishment and thought that imprisonment was a better option. |
| The Spirit of the Laws | Montesquieu's most famous work, a treatise that was a study of governments. He tried to apply the scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain natural laws, and defined 3 basic kinds of government: republics, monarchy, and despotism |
| Coffeehouses | A place where men could discuss current issues and views safely, one of the main ways that the Enlightenment spread outside of salons. Newspapers were also free in coffeehouses, so they were a sort of information and intellectual hub |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Seen as the founder of feminism, she wrote about the hypocrisy in the view that women should obey men, since men said arbitrary power of monarchs was wrong. She said that women should have equal rights due to the ideal that reason is innate in all humans |
| Novels | The development of the novel grew in the eighteenth century, since the novel was open to experimentation. It was established as the chief vehicle for fiction writing, and was another way to spread Enlightenment ideas |
| Handel | A Baroque-style musician who wrote for large public audiences, and wasn't against unique sounding pieces. He wrote over 40 operas and lots of secular music, but is ironically best known for his religious music, such as the piece 'Messiah' |
| Newspapers | The first newspaper was printed solely in London in 1702 and by 1780, 37 other English towns had their own. They were cheap and provided free in coffeehouses, and helped spread ideas and news |
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