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Civil Liberties
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| civil liberties | protections of citizens from unwarranted government action |
| civil rights | the responsibilities of the government to protect its citizens |
| Bill of Rights | the first ten Amendments of the Constitution that were designed to protect the basic freedoms of American citizens |
| double security | James Madison's idea that adding a Bill of Rights would add an extra layer of protections for civilians from the states |
| dual citizenship | product of Barron v. Baltimore in which citizenship is held both in the U.S. and the state you reside in |
| selective incorporation | on a case-by-case basis, the Supreme Court began to recognize the national government's role in protecting citizens from state governments |
| Lemon test | in order for a government to fund a religious school, the grant must have a secular purpose, neither advance nor inhibit religion, and not lead to excessive entanglement with religion |
| free exercise clause | the protection of civilians' right to believe and practice whichever religion they choose |
| strict scrutiny | the highest form of judicial review that is used to investigate conspiracy against freedom of speech |
| Brady Bill (1994) | Clinton's act that banned assault weapons and provided for background checks on handgun purchases |
| writ of habeas corpus | the right of the accused to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation |
| exclusionary rule | excludes evidence obtained in violation of Amendment XIV's protection against unwarranted searches and seizures |
| Miranda rule | requires that arrested persons be informed of their right to remain silent and to have legal counsel |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) | case in which the court argued that the third, fourth, and fifth amendments imply a "zone of privacy" |
| Lawrence v. Texas (2003) | case in which the Supreme Court argued that gay Americans are "entitled to respect for their private lives" out of reach of the state |
| equal protection clause | establishes that legislation applies equal to all civilians and is protected equally |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | case in which the court upheld segregation under the "separate but equal" argument |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Court ruling that overturned segregation: "in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place" |
| Civil Rights Act (1964) | act that extended the national government's role in rights protection: voting, public accommodations, public education, outlawed discrimination |
| Voting Rights Act (1965) | act that protected further African Americans right to vote, especially in Southern states that had a history of obstructing the black vote |
Created by:
emilydickinson
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