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The Founding
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seven Years War | war against the French that drained British coffers, which was the primary incentive for heavily taxation on the colonies |
| Sugar Act of 1764 | British act that taxed sugar, molasses, and other commodities |
| Stamp Act of 1765 | British act that required all documents be on paper stamped by British officials |
| Boston Massacre | British soldiers opened fire on a crowd in Boston, killing five and wounding eight; radicalized the revolutionary movement |
| Boston Tea Party | the overthrowing of British tea into the ocean by colonialists; set in cycle provocations that led to Continental Congresses |
| First Continental Congress | assembly consisting of delegates from all over the colonies that called for the boycott of all British goods |
| Second Continental Congress | delegates assemble again, this time radicalized by the need for independence, and begin to draft a Declaration of Independence |
| Declaration of Independence | Declaration of Independence from Britain and that professes Locke's idea of natural rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
| The Articles of Confederation | first written American constitution that aimed to limit the central government but in turn gave too much power to the states (inadequate institutional basis for collective action) |
| Annapolis Convention | state leaders accepted an invitation from Virginia legislators to attend a conference of representatives, though only five showed up; was the first step towards the second founding |
| Shay's Rebellion | rebellion that established that the central government needed more power to maintain law and order |
| Constitutional Convention | the collection of 29 delegates in Philadelphia to discuss the grievances of the Articles of Confederation and draft a new constitution |
| Virginia Plan | provided for representation based on each state's population and was a plan that clearly provided for larger states |
| New Jersey Plan | provided for equal representatives per state |
| Connecticut Compromise | provided for a bicameral legislature, with the House following the Virginia Plan and the Senate following the New Jersey |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | compromise that every 3 out of 5 enslaved African Americans counted towards the population of said state |
| expressed power | the notion that the Constitution grants to the federal government only those powers specifically written in text |
| necessary and proper clause | provides Congress with the ability to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its duties |
| judicial review | the power of the courts to declare actions of Congress of the executive branch unconstitutional |
| supremacy clause | states that all laws passed by federal government are the supreme law of the land and superior to laws adapted by its consisting states |
| Federalism | favored ratifying the Constitution, a powerful central government, and argued a Bill of Rights was unnecessary |
| Antifederalism | opposed ratifying the Constitution, wanted a weaker central government to avoid tyranny, and saw the Bill of Rights as necessary |
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emilydickinson
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