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a and p exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| synarthrotic | no movement at all in the joint |
| amphiarthrotic | limited movement at the joint; pubic symphasis and vertebrae |
| diarthrotic | freely moveable at the joint-moves in all/most of the planes of movement |
| fiborous joints | held together by dense fiborous connective tissue (usually synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic) |
| syndesmosis | fibourous joint found on the distal tibia and fibula- this joint is bone to bone- amphiarthrotic joint |
| interoseos joint | bone to bone joint |
| suture | fiborous joint found between bones in the skull- synarthrotic (don't want it to move)- like welding the bones together |
| gomphosis | fiborous joint found between the teeth and the jaw-it holds the teeth and the jaw- synarthrotic (need to hold the teeth in place when chewing) |
| periodontal ligament | around the teeth holding them in place in the jaw |
| cartilaginous joint | held together by cartilage (either hyaline or fiborcartilage)- synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic usually |
| symphasis | amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint that it found in things like the pubic symphasis and in between the vertebrae- made of fibrocartilage |
| synchondrosis | cartilaginous joint between the 1st rib and the sternum-synarthrotic- made of hyaline cartilage-"chond" tells you its cartilaginous |
| fibrocartilage | large thick collagen in extracellular matrix- the collagen moves the chondrocytes in their lacuna into columns;giving it the fiborous look |
| synovial joints | joints that are always diarthrotic- have articular cartilage (hyaline), helps with reducing friction between the bones as the rub against each other-made of a joint capsule that contains the fiborous capsule and the synovial membrane |
| joint capsule | holds the 2 bones together- contains the fibourous capsule and the synovial membrane |
| joint cavity | contains the synovial fluid |
| fiborous capsule | regular dense connective tissue- adds strength-found in the joint capsule |
| synovial membrane | areolar conntective tissue (allows for more movement, looser) and epithelial tissue (secrete the synovial fluid) make up the membrane |
| fibrocartilage discs | ex. menisci of the knee- allows for shock absorbtion |
| bursae (singular bursa) | fluid filled cavity- adds cushion- also helps the tendons and muscles slide over the joint (lubrication) |
| flexion | angle between bones decreases- plane of movement with extention |
| extension | angle between bones increases-plane of movement with flexion |
| adduction | going back towards the body- adding back- plane of movement with abduction |
| abduction | going away from the body- alien abduction-plane of movement with adduction |
| circumduction | a combination of flextion/extention and adduction/abduction in a circular motion-NOT a plane of motion |
| rotation | plane of movement- rotating around an axis |
| supination | hand facing upwards- palm facing anteriorly- bowl of soup |
| pronation | hand facing downwards- palm facing posterior- "pro" nation |
| eversion | bottom of the foot faces outside/ away from the body |
| inversion | bottom of the foot facing the middle of the body / inwards |
| dorsiflexion | foot flexed up-pointing toe upwards |
| plantar flextion | flexing the foot down- toe pointing down |
| protraction | towards the front-moving the jaw forwards |
| retraction | towards the back-moving jaw backwards |
| elevation | lifting up- "shoulder shrug" |
| depression | lowering down- lowering the jaw or shoulders |
| nonaxial | movement in no planes |
| uniaxial | movement in one plane |
| biaxial | movement in 2 planes of movement |
| multiaxial | movement in 3 planes |
| bal-and-socket joint | synovial joint that is multiaxial- 1 bone has a rounded, ball-shaped end and the other bone has a cavity that fits the ball end of the other bone - found in hips and shoulders |
| condylar/ellipsoid joints | biaxial synovial joint that is made of elliptical pieces of bone that fit togther- found in the fingers and the palm- flextion/extention and adduction/abduction (biaxial) |
| plane/gliding/sliding joints | most common type of synovial joints in the body- can be considered nonaxial or multiaxial-between adjacent short bones (like carpals) and ribs and sternum/vertebrae-flexion/extention have a different name |
| hinge joint | synovial joint-flexion and extention only (uniaxial)- "u" shaped depression in the bone that has a rounded bone that fits into it- found in fingers, knee, elbow |
| pivot joint | synovial joint-spinning around an axis (uniaxial)- found in the head and forarm (radius and ulna) |
| saddle joint | synovial joint-2 bones that are curved in the shape of a saddle (one upside-down and the other rightside-up)-biaxial (flexion/extention and adduction/abduction)-really only mfound between the carpal and the thumb |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate- where bone growth takes place- cells move down he cartilage as they get calcified |
| resting cartilage | not dead cells- normal cells not dividing |
| proliferating cartilage | mitotic stage- cells are dividing (undergoing mitosis) and growing |
| hypertrophic cartilage | cells are increasing in size- enlarging and starting to calcify- begining of cell death |
| calcified cartilage | dead cartilage cells- because calcified will be broken down to made into new bone tissue |
| vitamins are | coenzymes |
| vitamin A | helps osteoblasts/clasts do their job - AVTIVITY- found in carrots |
| vitamin C | important for the production of COLLAGEN- important to the periostium- found in citrus |
| vitamin D | made in the skin by melanocytes- from the sun- affects the absorption of calcium in the gut to then be stored in bone tissue- can be added to milk |
| calcitonin | "tone it down"- signals osteoblasts to start using stored calcium build bone tissue |
| parathyroid hormone | raise blood calcium levels-signals osteoclasts to start breaking down bone tissue to raise the calcium content in the blood stream. |
| blood calcium | needs to be at a certain level- calcium is important to muscle and nerve function- raise it by breaking down bones to add calcium to the blood(osteoclasts)- lower it by taking calcium out of the blood and storing it in the bones(osteoblasts) |
Created by:
allijeli
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