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A&P II Endocrine
Practical Practice - Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostatic imbalance: hypersecretion of GH in children | gigantism |
| Homeostatic imbalance: hypersecretion of GH in adults | acromegaly |
| Homeostatic imbalance: hyposecretion of insulin | diabetes m |
| Homeostatic imbalance: hyposecretion of adh | diabetes insipidus |
| What is the proper term for the type of regulation of electrolytes by the hypothalamus? | humoral |
| Which of the following hormones will function in the MAINTENANCE of the immune system? | Cortisol |
| What substance will be released by the hypothalamus to initiate the production of thyroid hormone? | TRH (Hypothalamus > TRH > TSH > TH |
| What hormone will stimulate the sustentacular cells of the testes to stimulate spermatogenesis? | FSH |
| Identify one target of growth hormone: | bone, muscle, etc. |
| The ___ cells of the pancreas produce _____, which is the HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENT. | alpha cell/glucagon |
| What pituitary hormone will stimulate the release of aldosterone? | acth |
| GHIH source | hypothalamus |
| Cortisone source | zona fasiculata |
| PRL (Prolactin) source | anterior lobe pituitary |
| Glucagon source | alpha cells |
| Insulin source | beta cells |
| aldosterone source | zona glomerulosa |
| adh source | hypothalamus |
| lh source | anterior lobe pituitary |
| calcitonin source | thyroid |
| pth source | parathyroid |
| 2 releases of posterior pituitary | oxytocin and adh |
| which hormone is parafollicular? | calcatonin |
| acth is released in response to what? | crh |
| thyroid gland releases two primary hormones: | thyroid and calcitonin |
| increases metabolic rate and body heat production, maintaining blood pressure, tissue growth and development | th |
| release in response to increased calcium levels in blood | calcitonin |
| antagonist of pth | calcitonin |
| the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary are known as | "tropic" |
| all hormone release starts at the... | hypothalamus |
| 2 gonadotropins released in response to GnRH | fsh/lh |
| Ovaries: fsh promotes ... | egg development |
| Testes: fsh promotes... | sperm production |
| Ovaries: lh promotes... | ovulation |
| Testes: fsh promotes ... | sex hormones, androgens, (testosterone!!) |
| Prl is inhibited by | pih from hypothalamus |
| stimulates mammary gland development and during pregnancy it stimulates milk development. | prolactin |
| gh is also known as | somatotropin |
| gh is mediated by which two hormones? | ghrh / ghih |
| gh indirect | liver |
| gh direct | not well understood |
| msh inhibitor | dopamine (pih) |
| supraoptic nuclei releases... | adh |
| paraventricular nuclei releases | oxytocin |
| anterior lobe of pituitary is regulated by... | "glandular" |
| posterior lobe of pituitary is regulated by... | "neural" |
| adipose cells release... | leptin |
| is located in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone | pituitary |
| secretes 9 peptide hormones | pituitary |
| hypothalamus connected to pituitary via | infundibulum |
| posterior lobe is connected to hypothalamus via ... | neurons (will only store neurons) |
| anterior lobe is connected to hypothalamus via... | capillary beds |
| a portal system begins and ends with... | veins |
| high concentrations of adh result in | vasoconstriction |
| has incomplete blood-brain barrier | hypothalamus |
| do both lobes use 2nd messenger systems? | yes |
| function of oxytocin | stimulate uterine contraction |
| clusters of neurons in hypothalamus | supraoptic nuclei |
| adh in brain acts as | neurotransmitter |
| function of thyroid | increases cellular metabolism |
| adenohypophysis - | anterior lobe |
| hyposecretion of gh | pituitary dwarfism |
| location of hypothalamus | diencephalon |
| hypothalamus is connected to | limbic system and pituitary gland |
| hypothalamus regulates 3 processes: | homeostasis, involuntary organs, hormones |
| 3 ways to penetrate incomplete blood-brain barrier | neurally, hormonally, humorally |
| of the 3 ways to penetrate incomplete blood-brain barrier, which method has a DIRECT control? | Neural |
| main visceral control center is a description for which area? | hypothalamus |
| colloid - protein rich or deficient? | rich |
| looks at body hormones | hormonal |
| looks at electrolytes, h20, etc | humoral |
| direct electrical connection to adrenal medulla | neural |
| has protein rich jelly in its follicles | thyroid |
| cells that secrete calcitonin | parafollicular |
| need to have .... in colloid to create t3/t4 | iodine |
| Hyposecretion of t3/t4 | hypothyroidism |
| long term hypothyroidism | myxodemia |
| congenital hypothyroidism | cretinism |
| toxic goiter, hypersecretion of t3/t4 | Grave's disease |
| increased levels of ca+ and phosphates, kidney stones | hyperparathyroidism |
| lipid based steroids | corticosteroids |
| why are corticosteroids important? | lipids can pass through cell membrane - not everything can go through incomplete blood-brain barrier |
| associated with "buffalo hump", "moon face" and increased glucocortocoid | cushing's disease |
| hyposecretion of both gluco and mineral corticoids; hypoglaucemia/hypotension, bronzing of skin... | addison's disease |
| prime source for progesterone and estrogen | corpus luteum |
| structure associated with lh | corpus luteum |
| paired atop each kidney | adrenal glands |
| produces corticosteroids (over 12 dozen) | adrenal cortex |
| layer of adrenal cortex associated with mineralcorticoids | zona glomerulosa |
| layer of adrenal cortex associated with glucocorticoids | zona fasciculata |
| later of adrenal cortex associated with gonadotropins | zona reticularis |
| function of insulin | lowers blood sugar |
| function of glucagon | raises blood sugar |
| 3p's of diabetes | polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia |
| blood ph decreases resulting in which diabetes complication | ketoacidosis |
| hyperinsulin = | hypoglaucemia |
| strictly neurally connected | adrenal medulla |
| catecholamines | epi-norepi |
| 2 hormones associated with pineal gland | synthesis of melatonin from seratonin |
| gland associated with sleep patterns | pineal |
| located partly behind the stomach in the abdomen, its a mixed gland of both endocrine and exocrine cells | pancreas |
| acinar cells | pancreatic juice |
| epo production takes place where | kidney |
| heart is associated with which hormone | anp |
| inhibits aldosterone | anp |
| t-cell maturation takes place where | thymus |
| skin produces cholcalciferol, an inactive form of which vitamin | d3 |
| direct gene activators | steroidal hormones |
| why is it important that steroidal hormones are direct gene activators? | can go directly into cell, to nucleus, bind to receptor, trigger messenger rna to make whatever we want |
| which hormones are amino acid based? | peptide |
| which hormones are NOT direct gene activators? | monoamines |
| what do non direct gene activators need? | 2nd messenger system |
| hormones travel throughout the entire body; why then do they only activate certain cells? | target based receptors (microbio - markers) |
| 3 regulating factors of target cell specificity | blood levels of hormone (least), # of receptors, strength of bond between hormone and receptor |
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