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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANAPHY_DIGESTIVE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Includes structures for consumption of food, breakdown of food, into nutrients, absorption of nutrients, and removal of wastes. | Digestive tract |
| Another term for digestive tract | Gastrointestinal tract |
| 5 functions of the digestive system | Ingestion, mastication, propulsion, mixing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and elimination (IM, PM, DS, A, E) |
| It is the consumption of solid or liquid food. | Ingestion |
| It is the process by which food is crushed and grounded by the teeth. (Chewing) | Mastication |
| Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other. | Propulsion |
| Movement of the food back and forth in the digestive tract to mix it with enzymes and facilitate absorption. | Mixing |
| Mechanical and chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. | Digestion |
| The addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to the ingested food. | Secretion |
| Movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system. | Absorption |
| The removal of undigested material such as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces. | Elimination |
| 8 organs of the digestive tract | Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus (OPESSLRA) |
| What is the function of mucus? | For protection and lubrication |
| Organs not directly involved in the digestive tract that have ducts that lead into the tract. | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas (SLGP) |
| Layers of the digestive tract wall | Tunics |
| What are the 4 tunics? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia (MSMS/A) |
| It is the innermost tunic | Mucosa |
| What is the function of the mucosa? | Secretes mucus |
| What is the function of mucus? | For protection and lubrication |
| What can be found in submucosa? | It contains blood vessels, nerves, and small glands |
| What can be found in the muscularis? | Longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscles |
| Its the outermost tunic | Serosa/Adventitia |
| What is the outermost tunic called when peritoneum is present? | Serosa (PS) |
| What is the outermost tunic called when there is no peritoneum present? | Adventitia (NPA) |
| It is the serous membrane that covers the organs. | Visceral peritoneum |
| Serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity. | Parietal peritoneum |
| Connective tissue sheets that hold organs in place in the abdominal cavity. | Mesentaries |
| Mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm. | Lesser omentum |
| Mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall. | Greater omentum |
| What kind of tissue is the peritoneum? | Smooth epithelial tissue |
| It cleanses the mouth and dissolves and moisten food. | Oral cavity |
| Tissue of the oral cavity | Stratified squamous epithilia |
| It houses taste buds and contains mucus. | Tongue |
| Produce saliva which contains enzymes to break down carbohydrates into glucose. | Salivary glands |
| How many teeth does a normal adult have? | 32 teeth |
| 5 types of teeth | Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, and wisdom |
| The number of primary teeth (deciduous/milk teeth) | 20 |
| Cellular tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth . | Dentin |
| It is the hard covering of teeth that protects against abrasion. | Enamel |
| It is the center of the tooth. | Pulp cavity |
| 4 parts of a tooth. | Crown, cusp, neck, and root |
| Pockets of the bone where teeth are held in place. | Alveoli |
| Breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria. | Cavities |
| The roof of the oral cavity | Palate |
| Anterior palate made of bone | Hard palate |
| Posterior palate made up of skeletal muscle and connective tissue | Soft palate |
| A mixture of serous and mucous fluids | Saliva |
| 3 types of salivary glands | Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| Serous gland anterior to each ear. It is the largest salivary gland. | Parotid |
| Produces more SEROUS than mucous secretions. | Submandibular |
| Produces more MUCOUS than serous secretions. It is the smallest salivary gland. | Sublingual |
| It is the inflammation of parotid gland. | Mumps |
| What does the serous portion of salivary glands contain? | enzymes |
| Also known as the starch-splitting enzyme. (carbohydrates to glucose) | Amylase |
| Enzymes that are active against bacteria. | Lysozyme |
| What does the mucous portion of saliva contain? | Mucin |
| Connects the mouth to the esophagus. | Pharynx |
| 3 parts of the pharynx. | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| Function of the esophagus. | Transport food to the stomach |
| It occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess. | Heartburn |
| 3 phases of swallowing | Voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal |
| Mass of food formed in the mouth and formed in the mouth and pushed into oropharynx. (mouth-esophagus) | Bolus |
| Term for the food in stomach onwards. | Chyme |
| Phase where swallowing is initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx. | Pharyngeal |
| Phase where food moves from pharynx to stomach. | Esophageal |
| Wave-like contractions move food through digestive tract. | Peristalsis |
| Storage tank for food. | Stomach |
| How much food can a stomach hold? | 2 Liters |
| Large folds that allow stomach to stretch. | Rugae |
| Paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down. | Chyme |
| Opening between stomach and small intestine. | Pyloric opening |
| Thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening which regulates movement of food into the small intestine. | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Part of the stomach that has outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique to produce churning action. | Muscularis |
| It is when the stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours after a meal. | Hunger pangs |
| 4 secretions of the stomach | Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, and gastrin |
| 5 epithelial cells in the stomach | Surface mucous cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, endocrine cells, and chief cells |
| What do parietal cells produce? | HCl and intrinsic factor |
| What do endocrine cells produce? | Gastrin and other hormones |
| What do chief cells produce? | Pepsinogen |
| Kills microorganisms and activates pepsin. | Hydrochloric acid |
| Precursor of pepsin that breaks covalent bonds of proteins to form small peptide chains. | Pepsinogen |
| Thick layer that lubricates and protects the epithelial cells of the stomach wall from the damaging effect of the acidic chyme and pepsin. | Mucus |
| Hormone that regulates stomach secretions | Gastrin |
| Binds to vitamin b12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine. | Intrinsic factor |
| What is vitamin b12 used for? | DNA synthesis and red blood cell production |
| 3 phases of regulation of stomach secretions | Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal |
| Stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought. (SENSATIONS) | Cephalic phase |
| Partially digested proteins and distention of stomach promote secretion. | Gastric phase |
| Acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretions of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops. | Intestinal phase |
| 2 movements in the stomach | Mixing and peristaltic waves |
| Weak contraction where food is thoroughly mixed to form chyme. | Mixing waves |
| Stronger contraction where chyme is forced toward the pyloric sphincter. | Peristaltic waves |
| How many hours after a regular meal is the stomach emptied? | 4 hours |
| How many hours after a high fatty meal is the stomach emptied | 6-8 hours |
| The major absorptive organ | Small intestine |
| How long is the small intestine? | 6 meters |
| How long does chyme pass through the small intestine? | 3-5 hours |
| 3 parts of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| Part of the small intestine where absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, and endocrine cells are found. | Duodenum |
| Where are microvilli and many folds found? | Duodenum |
| Where are bile and pancreatic ducts found? | Duodenum |
| Primary site of nutrient absorption | Jejunum |
| Length of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. | 25 cm, 2.5 m, and 3.5 m |
| Four major cell types of the small intestine's mucosa | Absorptive, goblet, granular, and endocrine |
| Cells that have microvilli, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food. | Absorptive cells |
| Cells that produce a protective mucus. | Goblet cells |
| Cells that may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. | Granular cells |
| Cells which produce regulatory hormones | Endocrine cells |
| Tubular glands of the mucosa where epithelial cells are located. | Intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn |
| What is submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands called? | Duodenal glands |
| Secretions of the small intestine that lubricate and protect the intestinal wall from the acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. | Mucus, ions, and water |
| What enzymatically breakdown proteins into amino acids for absorption? | Peptidases |
| What enzymatically breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides for absorption? | Disaccharidases |
| How much bile does the liver secrete per day? | 700 mL |
| It dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats. | Bile |
| Duct that transports bile out of the liver | Hepatic duct |
| Duct that is formed from left and right hepatic duct | Common hepatic duct |
| Duct that joins common hepatic duct from gallbladder | Cystic duct |
| Duct that formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct | Common bile duct |
| Part of the brain that controls hunger. | Hypothalamus |
| What do the endocrine tissues of the pancreas have? | Pancreatic islets that produce insulin and glucagon |
| What do the exocrine tissues of the pancreas produce? | Digestive enzymes that travel through ducts to duodenum |
| Where do liver and pancreas secretions go? | Small intestine |
| What are the 3 major protein-digesting enzymes? | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase |
| What enzyme continues the polysaccharide digestion that began in the oral cavity? | Pancreatic amylase |
| Lipid-digesting enzyme | Pancreatic lipase |
| Enzymes that degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides. | Pancreatic nuclease |
| Which organ has a major function of water absorption from indigestible food and creation of compact feces? | Large intestine |
| Feces is the product of? | Water, indigestible food, and microbes |
| What synthesizes vitamin K? | Microbes |
| 4 parts of the large intestine. | Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal |
| Where is the appendix attached to? | Cecum |
| Which junction does the cecum join the small intestine? | Ileocecal junction |
| It is a 9 cm structure that is often removed. | Cecum |
| It is where the formation of feces happen. | Colon |
| 4 regions of the colon. | Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid |
| Straight tube that begins at sigmoid colon and ends at anal canal. | Rectum |
| It is the holding or storage area for the stool. | Rectum |
| It facilitates the elimination of waste from the body. | Anal canal |
| How long does it take for the food to pass through the large intestine? | 18-24 hours |
| What enzymes split polysaccharides into disaccharides? | Salivary and pancreatic amylases. |
| What breaks disaccharide down into monosaccharides? | By disaccharides |
| How is glucose absorbed into the intestinal epithelium? | By cotransport with Na+ ions. |
| Through which vein is glucose carried to the liver? | The hepatic portal vein. |
| How does glucose enter most cells? | By facilitated diffusion. |
| Where does the breakdown of disaccharides to monosaccharides primarily occur? | On the surface of the intestinal epithelium |
| What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides? | Lipase |
| What role do bile salts play in lipid digestion? | Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. |
| How do fatty acids and monoglycerides pass into intestinal epithelial cells? | By simple diffusion from micelles attached to the plasma membrane. |
| What happens to fatty acids and monoglycerides once inside the intestinal epithelial cell? | They are converted into triglycerides. |
| What structure forms when proteins coat triglycerides in intestinal epithelial cells? | Chylomicrons |
| How do chylomicrons exit intestinal epithelial cells? | By exocytosis |
| Where do chylomicrons go after leaving intestinal epithelial cells? | They enter the lacteals of the intestinal villi and are transported through the lymphatic system to the blood. |
| In what part of the body are triglycerides reassembled from fatty acids and monoglycerides? | In the intestinal epithelial cells. |
| Why are lipids packaged into lipoproteins? | To allow transport in the lymph and blood. |
| What characteristic makes lipoproteins suitable for transporting lipids in the lymph and blood? | They are part water soluble and part lipid soluble. |
| Why are lipoproteins necessary for lipid transport in lymph and blood? | Because lymph and blood contain water, and lipids are not water-soluble. |
| What are the three types of lipoproteins mentioned? | Chylomicrons, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). |
| Which lipoprotein type is primarily responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestines? | Chylomicrons |
| Which lipoprotein is commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol"? | Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
| Which lipoprotein is often called "good cholesterol"? | High-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
| What is the protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the stomach? | Pepsin |
| Which protein-digesting enzymes are secreted by the pancreas? | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. |
| In what state are pancreatic enzymes secreted into the small intestine? | In an inactive state. |
| Where are pancreatic protein-digesting enzymes activated? | In the small intestine. |
| What enzymes in the small intestine further break down small peptides? | Peptidases, which are bound to the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. |
| How are tripeptides, dipeptides, and individual amino acids absorbed in the small intestine? | Through various cotransport mechanisms in the intestinal epithelial cells. |
| What is the role of peptidases in protein digestion? | They further break down small peptides into tripeptides on the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. |
| What is the function of microvilli? | Increase surface area of the intestinal lining which enhances absorption of nutrients. |
| How does water move across the intestinal wall? | In either direction across the intestinal wall. |
| What determines the direction of water movement across the intestinal wall? | Osmotic pressures. |
| What percentage of water entering the intestine is absorbed? | 99% |
| How are minerals absorbed in the small intestine? | By active transport across the intestinal wall. |
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