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A & P 1/Exam #2
Chapters 4-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the four basic tissue types? | Muscle Epithelial Nervous Connective |
| What is histology? | microscopic anatomy or microanatomy of the tissues and cells |
| What are the two different types of microscopes used to see the cilia on a cell? | Light microscope and Transmission electron microscope |
| What is the purpose of fixing tissues in microscopy? | perserve the tissue's structure by chemically stabilizing its componentss |
| What is the importance of staining tissues for microscopy? | enhances the contrast between different components within a tissue sample |
| How are tissues prepared for microscopy? | fixation dehydration clearing sectioning staining |
| What are the key differences between the serous and mucous membranes, the plasma membrane and the basement membrane? | These membranes differ in size, composition, and location. |
| The two layers of serous membranes are held together by serous fluid, which is largely water. Which of the properties of water makes these layers “stick” together? | waters high surface tension makes the layers of serous membrane stick together |
| What type of membrane lines the thoracic walls and covers the lungs, and what is it called? | Serous membranes |
| What type of membrane consists of epithelium and connective tissue, and lines body cavities open to the exterior? | Mucous membrane |
| Describe the structure and function of mucous and serous membranes | Mucous-consists of epithelium and connective tissue, and lines body cavities open to the exterior Serous-membrane lines the thoracic walls and covers the lungs and closed to the exterior |
| What are the three types of muscle tissues found in the human body? A) Skeletal, cardiac, smooth B) Skeletal, Cardiac, Epithelial, C) Smooth, Cardiac, Nervous D) Skeletal, Smooth, Connective | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| What tissue is branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)? A) Smooth Muscle B) Cardiac Muscle C) Skeletal Muscle | Cardiac Muscle |
| Out of the three types of muscle which one is voluntary? A) Smooth B) Skeletal C) Cardiac | Skeletal |
| What muscle allows for the controlling of airflow in the respiratory system by contracting and relaxing the walls of internal organs? A) Cardiac B) Skeletal C) Smooth | Smooth |
| How do smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles differ? | Skeletal muscle is an organ primarily controls movements and posture. • Cardiac muscle encompasses the heart, keeps the human alive. • Smooth muscle is present throughout the gastrointestinal, reproductive, urinary, vascular and respiratory system. |
| How does the extended length of a neuron’s processes aid its function in the body? | a neuron can conduct electrical signals a great distance within the body |
| What part of the neuron contains the nucleus? | Soma or cell body |
| What is the function of the glial cells? | support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons |
| What are the two major cell types? | neurons and glial cells |
| Location of nerve cells. | brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Name 2 differences between healing by first intention and healing by second intention? | -medical intervention is used with first intention healing. -larger amount of granulated tissues need to be formed in order to bridge the gap with second intention healing. |
| Charlie, a 5 year old boy, has had 7 bone fractures over the past 2 years. An x-ray test was done and found that Charlie had low bone density. Charlie has a family history of low bone density and frequent fractures. What could his diagnoses be? | Osteogensis |
| This cancer counts for 90% of cancers and arises out of what type of muscle tissue? | Carcinoma; epithelium |
| If a patient has an infected cut on their arm that has not spread to other parts of the body, how would you describe this wound? | lesion |
| Patient has weakness of scar tissue, delay in wound healing, loosening of teeth, and blood vessel disruption. What would you diagnose the patient with? | Scurvy |
| What are the cells found in all connective tissues? | Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts |
| What are the three main components of connective tissues? | ground substance fibers cells |
| What is the function of connective tissue? | binding and supporting protecting insulating storing reserve fuel transporting substances within the body |
| What are the three fibers found in connective tissue? | hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage |
| The most important role of the eccrine seat gland__ A.Milk Production B.Stress induced sweating C. body temperature regulation D.Earwax production | body temperature regulation |
| The principal tissue found in the reticular layer is A. dense irregular connective tissue B. dense regular connective tissue C. stratified squamous epithelium D areolar connective tissue | Dense irregular connective tissue: Collagen Fibers: Thicker bundles arranged irregularly in all directions. Cells: Primarily fibroblasts. Tension Resistance: Withstands tension from multiple directions. Structural Strength |
| The principal tissue is found in the reticular layer is? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Which three pigments contribute to skin color? | Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin Melanin contributes the most to overall color. The more clustered melanin near the surface, the darker the skin will appear. Carotene gives the skin a yellow hue while hemoglobin will give the skin a red hue. |
| The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _____ | tactile cells because they are located in the epidermis and are responsible for detecting touch and sending sensory information to nerve endings. An easy way to remember this is by referencing “touch” when you hear “tactile”. |
| Which of the following is not true for the skin in old age ? | It is less susceptible to bruising because as someone ages the skin is prone to more bruising since the rate of epidermal cell slows down |
| Which of the following skin colors may indicate anemia? | Pallor |
| What is the immediate threat from severe burns? | Loss of water and electrolytes |
| One critical function of sebum, in addition to roles in waterproofing and skin softening, is that is provides protection against? | Harmful Bacteria |
| The Principal role of melanin is to: | Shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation. |
| Which of the following types of skin cancer is the most dangerous? | Melanoma is more aggressive and grows at a faster rate than Basal Cell or Squamous Cell Carcinomas. It is also highly metastatic (spreads to other parts of the body quickly) and resistant to chemotherapy. |
| A mother takes her newborn baby to the doctors after noticing pink, oily, raised lesions on the scalp. What condition does the newborn have? | Cradle Cap |
| Fingerprints are copies of _________? | friction ridges |
| A female patient with excessive facial hair growth may have which of the following ailments | Excessive secretion of androgens from an adrenal tumor |
| Explain the mechanism behind goosebumps. | Steps of piloerection: Stimulus detection Arrector pili muscle contraction Goosebumps formation |
| What are the 3 regions of the skin? | Epidermis Papillary Layer of Dermis Reticular Layer of Dermis |
| What is the tissue type in the Epidermis? | keratinocytes keratinized stratified squamos |
| What is the tissue type in the Papillary layer? | Fibroblasts Areolar loose connective tissue |
| What is the tissue type in the Reticular layer? | Dense Irregular connective tissue |
| The hypodermis layer has what type of tissue and its function? | Adipose loose connective tissue Wraps organs and cushions organs, prevents heat loss, and energy reserve |
| Where in the body is the thin skin found? | almost everywhere on the body |
| Where in the body is the thick skin found? | in areas of high friction |
| What are the 5 layers of keratinocytes known as strata | Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale |
| Pain receptors found in the papillary layer of the dermis | free nerve endings |
| glands that secrete oil (sebum) onto hair follicle | sebaceous glands |
| glands that secrete watery sweat on the skin's surface | Eccrine glands |
| glands that secrete the oil and protein rich solution causing body odor | Apocrine glands |
| the receptors in the dermal papillae that detect texture, shape, and light touch | Tactile Corpuscles |
| the smooth muscle attached to hairs that cause goosebumps | arrector pili muscle |
| the receptors deep in the dermis that detect course touch and deep pressure | lamellar corpuscle |
| Located in the alveoli of the lungs, kidney glomeruli, lining blood vessels, and lining of body membranes functions of gas exchange, filtration of blood, and secretion of fluid | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| Located in the ducts of glands, kidney tubules, and the ovaries. functions as the secretion of products and absorption of fluids | Simple Cubodial Epithelium |
| Located in the GI Tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine) functions: Absorption of nutrients Secretion of enzymes/mucus | Non-Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Located in Bronchiole tubes of the lungs and Fallopian tubes Functions: Movement of mucus & foreign objects out of throat and Movement of eggs to uterus | Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Located in the trachea and URT Functions is secretion of mucus, propulsion of mucus and foreign objects out of throat | Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
| cells found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | keratinocytes |
| cells found in cartilage tissue | chondrocytes |
| cells found in some epithelial tissue types that make mucus | Goblet cells |
| cells found in bone connective tissue | osteocytes |
| cells found in blood connective tissue that initiate immune reactions | Leukocytes |
| cells found in blood connective tissue that transport oxygen | Erythrocytes |
| Tissue that helps with protection against abrasion, water loss, and microbe invasion. It is located in the lining of the mouth and esophagus and vagina | Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Tissue type that helps with protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation, and microbes. Located in the superficial layer of the epidermis | Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| This tissue is found in the sweat glands and mammary glands. Function: secretion and absorption | Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
| This tissue functions to help with secretion and protection against abrasion. Located in the salivary glands, pharynx, and male urethra | Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
| This tissue allows organs to stretch and protects the bladder from urine with a protective lining. It's located in the urinary bladder, ureters, and Urethra | Transitional epithelium |
| What tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis, around organs? | Aerolar loose connective tissue |
| What tissue is found in the hypodermis layer of the skin, yellow bone marrow, and around the kidneys? | Adipose Loose Connective Tissue |
| What tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow and helps filters and removes old blood cells? | Reticular loose connective tissue |
| Tissue located on the tendons and ligaments and helps withstand pulling | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Found in the reticular layer of the dermis and provides strength in multiple directions | Dense Irregular connective tissue |
| Found in the walls of large arteries, trachea, and bronchial tubes and helps with returning organs to shape after stretching | Dense Elastic Connective Tissue |
| Cyanotic | bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, lips, and mucous |
| Jaundice | yellow skin caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood |
| Erythmia | skin redness |
| Ecchymosis | Bruise, discoloration of the skin caused by broken blood vessels |
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vtlove116
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