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Human Anatomy 2.2
Anatomy and nerves of spinal cord
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pia mater | Deepest / inner layer, thin meninx intimate / hugs with spinal cord. |
| Arachnoid mater | Middle meninx, web-like. |
| Dura mater | Superficial / tough outer meninx. |
| Spinal cord is protected by: | Bone vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, connective tissue, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. |
| 3 meninges: | Pia mater (deep), arachnoid mater (middle), dura mater (superficial). |
| Dura mater is composed of: | Dense irregular connective tissue, extends from base of skull to sacral vertebrae, epidural is surrounding it. |
| Arachnoid mater is composed of: | Connective tissue, web-like arrangement of collagen fibers and elastic fibers, subdural space filled with interstitial fluid. |
| Pia mater is composed of: | Attached to surface of spinal cord and brain. Connective tissue that has collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and blood vessels that provide nutrients and oxygen. Subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Pia mater and arachnoid mater collectively is called: | Leptomeninges. |
| Membranous extensions of pia mater: | Denticulate ligaments. |
| Cervical enlargement | Neurons that innervate upper limbs. C4 to T1. |
| Lumbar enlargement | Neurons that innervate the lower limbs. L2 to S3. |
| Conus medullaris | Tapering, cone-shaped portion. Between first and second lumbar vertebrae. |
| Filumterminale | End of the spinal cord. Extends from conus medullaris to attach the spinal cord to the coccyx. |
| Cauda equina | Roots of spinal nerves emerging from the lower part of the spinal cord. |
| Anterior median fissure | Deep, wide groove on the ventral side. |
| Posterior median sulcus | Shallow, narrow groove on the dorsal side. |
| Gray commissure | Region of gray matter that connects two wings of the gray matter butterfly. |
| Central canal | At the center of the gray commissure, extends throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. |
| Ventral white commissure | Connects the right and left white matter of the spinal cord. |
| Ventral gray horns | Contain cells bodies of somatic motor neurons and motor nuclei, which sends nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles. White matter: Ventral white columns. |
| Dorsal gray horns | Contain somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei. White matter: Dorsal white columns. |
| Lateral gray horns | Contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate activities of involuntary effectors. White matter: Lateral white columns. |
| Sensory tracts | Ascending, transmits nerve impulses upward to the brain. |
| Motor tracts | Descending, transmits nerve impulses downward from the brain. |
| Cervical segment | Large diameter. Large amount of white matter. Oval. C1-C4 & C5 and below. Ventral gray horn is large while dorsal gray horn is small. |
| Thoracic segment | Small diameter. Small amounts of gray matter. Small ventral, dorsal, and lateral gray horns. |
| Lumbar segment | Circular. Very large ventral and dorsal gray horns, small lateral gray horn. Less white matter than cervical segment. |
| Sacral segment | Small, but large amounts of gray matter. Small amounts of white matter. Ventral and dorsal gray horns are large and thick. |
| Coccygeal segment | Resembles lower sacra; spinal segments, but much smaller. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31. |
| How many cervical nerves are there? | 8 pairs, C1-C8. |
| How many thoracic nerves are there? | 12 pairs, T1-T12. |
| How many lumbar nerves are there? | 5 pairs, L1-L5. |
| How many sacral nerves are there? | 5 pairs, S1-S5. |
| How many coccygeal nerves are there? | 1 pair, Co1. |
| Dorsal root | Sensory nerve fibers, transmit nerve impulses from periphery to spinal cord. Has Dorsal root ganglion. |
| Ventral root | Motor neuron axons, transmit nerve impulses from spinal cord to effector organs and cells. |
| Ventral and dorsal root merged together is called: | Mixed nerve, spinal nerve trunk. |
| Rami | Branches when the spinal nerve divides after passing through intervertebral foramen. |
| Dorsal ramus serves: | Serves deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. |
| Ventral ramus serves: | Serves muscles and structures of the limbs and skin of the lateral and anterior surface of the trunk. |
| Meningeal branch | Reenters vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen. Supplies vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of spinal cord, and meninges. |
| Rami communicantes | Components of the autonomic nervous system. |
| What forms networks if nerves on the right and left side of the body? | Plexuses. |
| 4 different pluxeses. | Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, two small coccygeal. |
| Cervical plexus | Supplies skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of the shoulders, chest, and diaphragm. |
| Brachial plexus | Provides almost the entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs. |
| Dermatomes | The area of the skin that provides sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves or cranial nerves (face and scalp). |
| 3 connective tissues covering the spinal nerves. | Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium. |
| Endoneurium | Wraps myelinated and unmyelinated axons. |
| Perineurium | Wraps fasciculi. |
| Epineurium | Wraps groups of nerves. |
| How does white matter travel to the spinal cord? | Tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain. |
| How does gray matter travel to the spinal cord? | Receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes. |
| Sensory lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts transmit nerve impulses for sensing: | Pain, warmth, coolness, deep pressure, itching, tickling, crude or poorly localized touch. |
| Sensory right and left posterior columns transmit nerve impulses for sensing: | Proprioception, discriminative touch, two-point discrimination, light pressure, and vibrations. |
| Motor pyramidal (direct) pathways transmit nerve impulses: | Destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. |
| Motor extrapyramidal (indirect) pathways transmit nerve impulses: | Govern automatic movements, coordinate body movements, maintain skeletal muscle tone and posture, regulating muscle tone in response to movements of the head. |
| Reflex | Fast, involuntary, unplanned response to particular stimulus. |
| Reflexes help with: | Maintain homeostasis, gray matter serves as integrating center for spinal reflexes, somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles, autonomic reflexes involve response of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. |
| What covers groups of axons? | Nerves. |
| What nerve(s) are in the Cervical plexus? | Phrenic. |
| What nerve(s) are in the Lumbar plexus? | Femoral and Obturator. |
| What nerve(s) are in the Sacral plexus? | Sciatic, Tibial, Fibular, and Pudendal. |
| What nerve(s) are in the Brachial plexus? | Ulnar, Axillary, and Radial. |
Created by:
LaurenNeer
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