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Repro system embryo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spermatogenesis - what is it and where | sequence of events that produce sperm seminferious tubules of testes |
| when does spermatogensis begin | at puberty |
| where does sperm come from | spermatic cells |
| mitosis - sperm | spermatogonia from 1 spermatocyte 2n -> 2n and 2n |
| spermatogonia | undifferentiated cells male germ cells found in the testes |
| meiosis 1 and 2 - sperm | 1 spermocyte -> 2 spermocyte -> spermatids |
| meiosis 1 | primary spermocyte 2n -> 1n and 1n * just one 2n* |
| n meaning | number of sets of chromosomes |
| meiosis 2 | secondary spermatocyte 1n - 1n and 1n * both 1ns |
| another name for sperm | spermatozoa |
| end result of mitosis and meiosis of sperm | spermatids |
| spermiogensis | final step in spermatogensis |
| spermatids become | mature spermatozoa |
| on-motile spermatozoa released into | lumen at seminiferous tubules |
| spermiation | spermatozoa go to epididymis to gain motility and storage |
| how do spermatids become sperm | spermatids loose excess cytoplasm/organelles |
| major regions of sperm | head, midpiece, and tail |
| head of sperm | genetic region; nucleus and helmet like acrosome containing hyaluronidase |
| what enables sperm to penetrate the oocyte (corona radiata/zona pellucida) | hyaluronidase |
| zona pellucida/corona radiata | is around oocyte and allows for fertilization and sperm binding |
| midpiece of sperm | metabolic region; mitochondria |
| tail of sperm | locomoter region; flagella |
| where do mature spermatozoa go | epididymis for spermiation |
| sustentacular (sertoli) cells are analogous to | astrocytes in cns (blood brain barrier) |
| role of sustencular cells | nursing cells provides nutrients and signals to diving cells |
| role sustencular cells - what do they dipsose of | excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogensis, |
| role sustencular cells - secrete | testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm to epdidiymis |
| role sustencular cells - Blood-Teste Barrier | prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the blood where they would activate the immune system |
| GnRH stands for n where it comes from | gonad-releasing hormone, hypothalamus |
| GnRH stimulates the ____ to secrete ____ | anterioir pituitary, FSH n LH (gonadotropins) |
| LH function | stimulates interstital/Leydig cells to release testosterone |
| what is the final trigger for spermatogensis | testosterone |
| FSH causes ____ to release ___ | sustentacular cells, androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
| ABP purpose | makes spermatogonia receptive to testosterone and keeps/binds testosterone within the testes |
| cascade of hormones is controlled by | negative feedback |
| ___ levels of testosterone ___ hypothalmus/ anterior pituitary | rising, inhibit |
| what is released when sperm count is high | inhibin |
| folliculogensis | development of follicles |
| follicle developemnt | immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by Granulosa epithelial cells |
| primordial follicle | squamous-like granulosa cell layer to 1 oocyte prophase 1 diploid and are there at birth |
| how many oocytes at birth | 400,000 |
| how many oocytes are selected to progress to next stage of the ovarian cycle | 20 |
| primary follicle | cuboidal or columnar granulosa cell layer to 1 oocyte 20 chosen ones arrested in prophase 1 |
| secondary follicle | 2 or more layers of granulosa cells to 1 oocyte one that is selected prophase 1 |
| late secondary follicle | contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; forms a central antrum of tertiary follicle |
| atresia | degneration of follicles that do not ovulate |
| how mnay follicles have atresia | all but the chosen one |
| tertiary (Graafion) follicle | stratified granulosa cells to 2 occyte LH spike, pausing fluid-filled antrium forms; follicle bulges fro ovary surface getting ready for ovulation goes to secondary oocyte -meisis 1 happens, arrests at M2 telophase 1 = polar body, secondary oocyte |
| what does LH spike do in the tertiary follicle | promotes ovulation |
| pausing in tertiary follicle | 1 oocyte paused in p1m1 to advance to 2 oocyte and then is paused again in m2m2 p1m1 = prophase 1 meiosis 1 m2m2= metphase 2 meoiss 2 |
| ovulation | ejection of the 2 oocyte from the tertiary follicle |
| corpus luteum | develops from ruptured tertiary follicle after ovulation makes estrogen and progesterone reaminder of tertiary follicle after ovulation |
| order from spermatogenesis to spermatid | spermatogonium (mitosis), primary spermocyte (meiosis 1), secondary spermocyte (meiosis 2), spermatid (spermiogensis) , spermatozoa (sperm) |
| how does the corpus luteum maintain endomtertrium for potential implation | produces progesterone and estrogen for 10-12 days |
| order of folliculogensis | primordial folicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, late secondary folicle, tertiary (Graafian) follicle, ovulation, CL |
| oogensis | production of female gametes |
| when does oogensis begin | fetal period |
| how do oogonia multiply | mitosis resulting in a primary oocyte |
| oogonia | 2n ovarian stem cells |
| what is primary oocyte surrounded by | granulosa cells (follicle) |
| primary oocytes begin ___ but stall in ___ until puberty | meiosis, prophase 1 |
| each month after puberty about ____are activated | 20 primary oocytes (within a primordial follicle) |
| ___ oocyte is selected each month to resume ___ | only one, meiosis 1 |
| what is meisosi 1 triggered by - female | lh surge |
| result of meiosis 1 in females | 2 haploid cells (secondary oocyte; paused in m2m2, first polar body; discarded oocyte) |
| secondary oocyte arrests in ____ and is ___ | metaphase 2, ovulated |
| if penetrated by sperm the ___ completes ____, yielding briefly | second oocyte, meisosis 2 ovum (functional gamate) and second polary body |
| zyogte formation | nucleus of ovum and sperm merge |
| ooguonim before birth | mitosis, primary oocyte meiosis 1 begins, meiosis 2 arrests in prophase 1 |
| mitotis of oogonium | 2n -> 2n and 2n |
| primary oocyte meisosi 1 begins | 2n 2n -> 2n |
| oogonium after puberty | meiosis 1 resumes, -1st polar body -> second polar bodies -secondary oocyte (before sperm - arrests at metpahse 2) (after sperm penetration - oocyte mieoiss completes immediately after sperm penetrates the oocyte ) |
| first polar body -> second polary body | n -> n and n |
| secondary oocyte -> mature ovum | n -> n and n (one is penetrated by sperm) |
| when is single haploid ovum formed | when second oocyte is penetrated |
| uniqual cell division causes | one to 3 polar bodies that later degrade |
| ovarian cycle | monthly series of events accosiated with the maturation of an oocyte |
| phases of ovarian cycle | follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase |
| follicular phase overall | period of follicle growth (days 1-14) |
| ovulation - ovarian cycle overall | occyrs mid cycle (or 14 days before end of cycle) |
| luteal phase overall | period of corupus luteum activity (days 14-28) |
| primordial to primary follicle | primordial follcile enlarges and becomes primary follicle (oocyte is 1) about 20 primoridal follciles are activated (oocyte is paused in p1m1) squamous like cells become cuboidal (come beecome corona radiata) |
| follicular phase steps | primordial follicle -> primary follicle -> secondary follicle ->late secondary follicle -> tertiary follicle |
| primary follicle to secondary follicle | oocyte is 1 stratified epithelium (granulosa cells forms around oocyte) |
| secondary to late secondary | zone pellucida forms around 1 oocyte fluid begins to accumulate in follicle (will become antrum) |
| late secondary to tertiary | LH spike antrum forms and expands to isolate the oocyte with zona pellucida and corona radiata tertiary follicle bulges from the external surface of ovary 1 oocyte completes mieosis 1, becomes 2 oocyte paused in m2m2 |
| ovulation after lh spike | ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte with its zoae pellucida and corona radiata Mittelschmerz fraternal twins |
| Mittelschmerz | twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation |
| ___ % of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte | 1-2% if fetilized = fraternal twins |
| after ovulation, luteal phase | ruputured teritary follicle fills with blood to brefly become corpus hemorrhagicum, then forms cl cl secretes pro and est for 1012 days to support endomtrium for potential implantion |
| luteal phase implanation or not | no implnation occurs in 10-12 days, CL degrades to corpus albicans implation = CL is supported by HCG and makes pro,est for about 3 months until placenta takes over |
| fertile window | how long sperm and oocyte are viable in female reproductive tract |
| sperm fertile | 24-48 hours after ejacultation |
| oocyte fertile | 12-24 hours after ovulation |
| fertile window for both | 2 days before and one day after ovulation |
| predicting ovulation | subtract 14 days from total cycle length eg. 33-14 = day 19 day 1 = beginning of menses last day= day before menses |
| temp before ovualtion | rises |
| ovulation kit | detects LH spike/surge |
| what happens to cervical mucous | things due to rise in estradiol |
| uterine (menstrual) cycle | cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones |
| 3 phases of uterine cycle | menstraul phase proliferative (preovulationary) phase secretor (postovulationary)y phase |
| menstraul phase | days 1-5 |
| prolifeative (preovulationary) phase | days 6-14 |
| secretory (postovulationary) phase | days 15-28 constant 14 day length |
| pregancy | events that occur from implantation until infant is born |
| conceptus | the devloping offspring; general term |
| gestation period | time from last menstraul period until birth (about 280 days) |
| embryo | conceptus from fertilization - week 8 |
| fetus | conceptus from week 9-birth |
| how many ejaculated sperm are there | 500 million to 1 billion |
| risk factors of sperm -4 | leak out of vagina right away destroayed by acidic vaginal environment fail to make it through cervix are dispersed in uterine cavity or destoyed by phagocytes |
| ___ sperm reach uterine tubes | few; 100-few thousand |
| sperm must __ oocyte converings | breach (Break) corona radiata and zona pellucida |
| ___ of sperm bind to oocyte and undergos the ___ | hundreds; acromsomal reaction -enzymes are rleased to burrow through cr and zp |
| ____ and __ fuse | oocyte membrane; one sperm |
| ___ sperm can penetrate the oocyte (____) | only one; monospermy |
| more than one sperm penetrate is called | polyspermy non-viable zygote |
| how is polyspermy avoided | "block", zp becomes impermeable to other sperm immediatly after 1 sperm gets through |
| mitotic divisions of zygote | 1st cleavage at 36 hours -> 2 daughter cells (blastomeres) at 72 hours, morula (16 or more cells) |
| day 3 or 4, the ____ has ___ the uterus but ___ | embryo (about 100 cells); reached the uterus; hasn't implanted yet |
| blastocyst | fluid-filled hollow sphere digests uterine mucousa |
| trophoblast cells | outer layer of blastocyst display factors that are immunosupressive (not functioning well) participate in placenta formation |
| inner cell mass | becomes the embryonic disc (-> embryo and 3 of the emrbyonic membranes) |
| blastocyst __ for __ days | floats; 2-3 |
| implatntion begins __days after ___ | 6-7; ovulation |
| implantation - trophoblast adheres to a ___ with the proper ___ | site; receptors and chemical signals |
| implanation - what response occurs in the endometrium | inflammatory-like |
| implanation - implnanated blastocyst is covered with | endometrial cells |
| implanataion completes by __ | day 12 after ovulation |
| HCG | human chronic gonadotropin |
| HCG is secreted by | trophoblast cells , later the chorion (fetal part of placenta) |
| HCG prompts ___ to __ | CL; continue secertion of est. n pro. for about 3 months |
| HCG levels rise until _____, then __ | end of 2nd month; decline as the placenta begins to secrete pro and est |
| what do pregancny tests look for | hcg |
| what forms the placenta | maternal and embryonic tissues |
| embryonic tissues | from the chorion and choronic villi (finger-like projections) |
| maternal tissues | develops blood-filled lacunae (pockets) |
| when is placenta fully formed and functional | end of 3rd month |
| endometrium purpose for embryo | covers and secures |
| gastrulation | blastocyst->gastrula, happens during implantation |
| gastrulation - blastocyst | inner cell mass develops into the mebryonic disc (subdfivides into epiblast and hypoblast) |
| hyopblast becomes | yolk sac and chorion |
| epiblast becomes the | 3 primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) |
| when 3 germ layers are present it is a | grastrula |
| primative streak | cells of epiblast begin to migrate into the groove |
| endoderm | first cells during grastulation lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of digestive (rectum/anal); glands (digestive and endocrine glands, adrenal cortex |
| mesoderm | cells that follow push laterally (sides) during grastrulation connectve tissue, proper bone, blood endothelium, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes, kidneys, lining of gonads |
| ectoderm | cells that remain on the epiblasts dorsal surface epidermis, glands on skin, some cranila bones, pituitary and adrenanal medulla, ns, mouth between cheeks and gums, anus |
| notochord | rod of mesodermal cells that serves as axial support -becomes vertebral discs |
| where do body organs derive | primative tissues |
| what sets the stage for organogensis | grastrulation |
| organogensis | formation of body organs and systems |
| 8th week | all organ systema are recongizable end of embryonic period wk 9 :fetus |
| GI tract changes during pregnancy | morning sickness due to elevated levels of est. + pro. heartburn and constipation r common |
| urinary system changes | increase in urinary production due to increase in metabolisma n fetal wastes stress incontinence may occur as bladder is compressed |
| res system changes | estrogen may cause nasal edema and congestion tidal volume increase dyspnea may occur later |
| cardiovasc changes | blood volume increase 25-40% bp and pulse rise venous return from lower limbs is impaired; resulting in varicose veins (large) |
| last few weeks of pregnany | fetal secretion of cortiosl stimulates the placenta to secrete more estrogen -causes production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium |
| Surfactant protein A (SP-A | from fetal lungs causes softening of cervix |
| fetal oxytocin | causes the placents to produce prostaglandins |
| oxytocin and prostaglandins | powerful uterine muscle stimulants |
| steps of labor | head pushes against cervix transmits to brain brain tells pituitary to secrete oxytocin oxytocin goes into blood stream oxytocin stimulates uterine contactions and pushes baby towards cervix |
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study222
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