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Anatomy Lesson 1
Introduction to basic human anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the body. |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the body. |
| Functions of the body include: | Respiration, circulation, digestion and reproduction. |
| The body is a ____ and ____ machine. | Chemical and Physical |
| Each body is engineered to do a particular job, these jobs are _____, the body is subject to certain ____ ___. | Functions - Natural Laws |
| In the laboratory, anatomy is studied by _____. | Dissection |
| SECT:___ | cut |
| DIS:___ | apart |
| MORPH | body, body form |
| ECTO | all energy is out going |
| ENDO | all energy is stored inside |
| MESO | between, in the middle |
| ECTOMORPH | slim individual |
| ENDOMORPH | broad individual |
| MESOMORPH | body type between the two others, "muscular" type |
| _____ are slim individuals and are more susceptible to lung infections. | Ectomorphs |
| _____ are more susceptible to heart disease. | Endomorphs |
| Microscopic anatomy | is the study of structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye. You need a microscope. |
| Gross anatomy by systems | is the study of organ systems such as the respiratory system or the digestive system. |
| Gross anatomy by regions | considers anatomy in terms of regions such as the trunk, upper member, or lower member. |
| Neuroanatomy | studies the nervous system. |
| Functional anatomy | is the study of relationships between functions and structures. |
| The human body is organized into _____ _____ _____ ______ and the _____ | cells tissues organs organ systems and the total organism. |
| Cells | are the smallest living unit of body construction. |
| A tissue | is a grouping of like cells working together Examples are muscle tissue and nervous tissue |
| An organ | is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function Examples include the lungs and the heart |
| Organ systems | are groups of organs which together perform an overall function Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system |
| The total organism | is the individual human being |
| The torso includes | the back and trunk |
| The trunk includes | the thorax (chest) and abdomen |
| At the lower end of the trunk is the | pelvis |
| The perineum is the | portion of the body forming the floor of the pelvis |
| The lungs the heart and the digestive system are found in the | trunk |
| Head and Neck | The brain eyes ears mouth pharynx and larynx are found in this region |
| Each upper member includes | a shoulder arm forearm wrist and hand |
| Each lower member includes | a hip thigh leg ankle and foot |
| SUB | below - prefix |
| CUTIS | skin - root |
| SUBCUTANEOUS | below the skin |
| MYO | muscle - prefix |
| CARDIUM | heart - root |
| MYOCARDIUM | muscular wall of the heart |
| TONSIL | tonsil (a specific organ) - root |
| ITIS | inflammation - suffix |
| TONSILLITIS | an inflammation of the tonsils |
| The anatomical position | is an artificial posture of the human body This position is used as a standard reference throughout the medical profession |
| The anatomical position | The body stands erect, with heels together. Upper members are along the sides, with the palms of the hands facing forward. The head faces forward. |
| Sagittal planes | are vertical planes that pass through the body from front to back |
| The median or midsagittal plane | is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves |
| Horizontal (transverse) planes | are parallel to the floor They are perpendicular to both the sagittal and frontal planes |
| Frontal (coronal) planes | are vertical planes which pass through the body from side to side They are perpendicular to the sagittal plane |
| Anterior (or ventral) | refers to the front of the body |
| Posterior (or dorsal) | refers to the back of the body |
| Medial means | toward or nearer the midline of the body |
| Lateral means | away from the midline or toward the side of the body |
| Superficial means | closer to the surface of the body |
| Deep means | toward the center of the body or body part |
| Proximal and distal | are terms applied specifically to the limbs |
| Proximal means | nearer to the shoulder joint or the hip joint |
| Distal means | further away from the shoulder joint or the hip joint |
| TRAPEZIUS | trapezoid (shape) |
| AD | toward |
| DUCT | to carry (function) |
| MAGNUS | very large (size) |
| ERYTHRO | red (color) |
| CYTE | cell |
| BI | two |
| CEPS | head (shape) |
| BRACHII | of the arm (location) |
| A cell is the | microscopic unit of body organization |
| A typical animal cell includes (10) | a cell membrane a nucleus a nuclear membrane cytoplasm ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Golgi apparatus centrioles and lysosomes |
| The nucleus | plays a central role in the cell |
| Information is stored in the | nucleus and distributed to guide the life processes of the cell This information is in a chemical form called nucleic acids |
| Two types of structures found in the nucleus are | chromosomes and nucleoli |
| Chromosomes are composed of both | nucleic acid and protein |
| Chromosomes contain | genes |
| Genes | are the basic units of heredity which are passed from parents to their children |
| Genes | guide the activities of each individual cell. |
| The cell membrane | surrounds and separates the cell from its environment |
| The cell membrane | allows certain materials to pass through it as they enter or leave the cell |
| The semifluid found inside the cell, but outside the nucleus, is called the | cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria are the | "powerhouses" of the cell |
| The mitochondria | provide the energy wherever it is needed for carrying on the cellular functions |
| The endoplasmic reticulum | is a network of membranes cavities and canals |
| The endoplasmic reticulum | helps in the transfer of materials from one part of the cell to the other |
| Ribosomes | are "protein factories" in the cell |
| Ribosomes | are composed mainly of nucleic acids which help make proteins according to instructions provided by the genes |
| Centrioles | help in the process of cell division |
| Lysosomes | are membrane bound spheres which contain enzymes that can digest intracellular structures or bacteria |
| The usual process of cell multiplication is called | mitosis |
| From one cell | we get two new cells |
| The genes of the new cells are | identical to the genes of the original cell |
| Hypertrophy and hyperplasia | are two ways by which the cell mass of the body increases |
| With HYPERTROPHY | there is an increase in the size of the individual cells no new cells are formed |
| With HYPERPLASIA | there is an increase in the total number of cells |
| ATROPHY | is seen when there is a loss of cellular mass. |
Created by:
voyweiser
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