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PUNCTUATION
GRAMMAR
| Question | Rules | Examples | Big question |
|---|---|---|---|
| COMMA | Separate items in a list. Join independent clauses with a conjunction (and, but, or, etc.). Set off introductory elements, non-essential clauses, and appositives | I need to buy eggs __ milk __ bread __ and cheese __ | |
| PERIODS | . Indicate the end of a declarative sentence | She loves reading books __ | |
| SEMICOLONS | Join closely related independent clauses without a conjunction. Separate items in a complex list | I wanted to go for a walk __ it started raining __ | |
| COLON | Introduce a list, explanation, or quotation | There are three things I need to do today __ finish my homework __ clean my room __ and call my friend __ | |
| QUESTION MARKS | Indicate the end of a direct question. | Are you coming to the party __ | |
| EXCLAMATION POINT | Indicate strong feelings or high volume. | Watch out __ | |
| QUOTATION MARKS | Enclose direct quotations, titles of short works, or dialogue | She said __I can’t believe it’s already Friday __ | |
| APOSTROPHES | Indicate possession or form contractions. | That is Sarah __s book __ | |
| PARANTHESES | Enclose additional information or clarifications. | He finally answered __ after taking five minutes to think __ | |
| DASHES | Add emphasis, introduce an explanation, or set off a list | There was only one thing left to do __ apologize __ | |
| PARAGRAPH1 | John and Mary decided to go hiking in the mountains they packed water __ snacks __ and extra clothes __ The weather was perfect __ sunny and cool __ They started at 8 am __ hoping to reach the summit by noon __ enjoying the scenery along the way __ | ||
| PARAGRAPH2 | At the halfway point __ John realized he left the map in the car __ Mary suggested using trail markers __ They felt nervous but continued __ Finally they saw the summit __ excited they hurried __ The view was stunning __ they felt accomplished __ |