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anatomy exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| at the M line, which filaments are present? | thick (myosin) filaments only |
| characteristic of elasticity | the muscle can return to resting length after being shortened |
| non striated type of muscle | smooth |
| connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle (a bundle of muscle fibers) | perimysium |
| occurs first during muscle contraction | the action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma |
| the period of time between stimulation and excitation in which the muscle is preparing to contract | latent period |
| skeletal and cardiac cells are able to divide to form new cells | false |
| what is the cause of weak muscles in the disease myasthenia gravis? | a shortage of ACh receptors |
| what is the name of the protein that blocks the active site of actin? | tropomyosin |
| anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration | false |
| polymers of glucose used in humans and can be broken down into glucose which in turn can yield ATP? | glycogen |
| describes the location where the neuron stimulates the muscle cell | neuromuscular junction |
| type of muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens and does work | concentric contraction |
| the external intercostals elevate the rib cage with inspiration | true |
| what action does the biceps brachia produce | flexion |
| what muscle is not part of the quadriceps femoris? | sartorius |
| the trapezius muscle is names using which convention? | shape of muscle |
| an arrangement of fascicles in which the fibers come together in common attachment | convergent muscles |
| the corrugated supercilious, zygomaticus, and rigorous are all muscles in which region of the body? | face |
| a functional group that provides the most force for specific movement | prime movers (agonists) |
| the condition in which the connective tissue surrounding a tendon becomes inflamed? | tendonitis |
| primary functions of the muscular system | - produce movement as a result of muscle contraction - maintain posture due to muscle tone - stabilize joints by connecting bones - generate heat as muscles contract and ATP is broken down |
| type of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary, attached to bones |
| type of muscle tissue: cardiac muscle | striated, involuntary, located in the walls of the heart |
| type of muscle tissue: smooth muscle | non striated, involuntary, located in walls of hallow organs |
| characteristics of muscle tissue (CEEE) | contract, can contract and shorten when stimulated excitability, become excited (irritable), respond to stimulus extensibility, can extend and be stretched passively elasticity, return to resting length after being shortened |
| endomysium | thin areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber |
| perimysium | connective tissue covering a fascicle, a bundle of muscle fiber |
| epimysium | fibrous connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle belly |
| fascia | fibrous tissue that organizes muscle into function groups give rise to tendons |
| fascicle | bundle of muscle fibers |
| muscle fiber | a muscle cell |
| myofibril | a long organelle with a banded appearance, bundle of proteins in muscle cell, can contract and separate into repeating segments (sarcomeres) |
| myofilament | actin or myosin containing structure |
| sacrolemma | plasma membrane of the muscle cell |
| sarcomere | contractile unit of muscle |
| sacroplasma | cytoplasm of muscle cell |
| tendon | cord of collagen fibers that attached a muscle to bone |
| actin | thin filaments |
| myosin | thick filaments |
| 3 reasons why connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscles are important | 1. bind muscle fibers together 2. provide pathways for nerve and blood vessels 3. strengthen muscles |
| why are there more indirect tendinous muscle attachments to bone than there are direct attachments? | they require less space and are more durable |
| how does an aponeurosis differ from a tendon structurally? | aponeurosis are sheet like and attach muscle to muscle whereas tendons are strong cordlike and attach muscle to bones |
| the junction between a motor neurons axon and the muscle cell membrane is called a | neuromuscular junction |
| a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulated is called a | motor unit |
| the actual gap between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber is called a | synaptic cleft |
| within the axon terminal are many small vesicles containing a neurotransmitter substance called | acetylcholine (ACh) |
| when the _ reaches the ends of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses to the muscle cell membrane to combine with receptors there | action potential |
| the combining of the neurotransmitter with the muscle membrane receptor causes a change in permeability of the membrane, resulting in _ of the membrane. Then contraction of the muscle fiber has been triggered | depolarization |
| action potential | nerve impulse moving down a motor neuron |
| neuromuscular junction | location where neuron stimulates the muscle cell |
| nerve impulse | action potential moves along an axon to neuromuscular junction |
| ions involved in an action potential | Na+ and K+ ions |
| what does it mean to be depolarized? | when a neuron is emulated to its threshold, sodium channels open allowing sodium to flow into neuron |
| rigor mortis | stiffening of muscles after death |
| motor unit | one motor neuron and all muscle fiber to a stimulus |
| latent period | between stimulation and excitation preparing to contract |
| contraction period | cross bridging and sliding, tensions |
| relaxation period | loss of muscle tension, return of calcium ions and cross bridging declines |
| all or non law | if the stimulus is any strength above threshold, the muscle fiber will either give a complete response or no response at all |
| why does the wave summation increase the tension produced by muscles? | response to entire muscle, muscle does not completely relax between stimuli |
| isotonic contraction | muscle produces constant tension while shortening or lengthening |
| concentric | muscle shortens and does work |
| eccentric | muscle contracts as it lengths used for coordination and purposeful movements |
| isometric contraction | muscle tension maintained, does not shorten or lengthen muscle |
| which kind of contraction shows movement? | isotonic |
| what causes tetanus | infection of cut |
| force of muscle contraction | large number of muscle fibers activated large muscle fibers asynchronous tetanic contractions muscle and sarcomere lengths slightly over 100% of resting length |
| aerobic | fatigue resistant, 36 ATPs per glucose, highly vascular cardio |
| anaerobic | fatiguable, 2 ATPs per glucose weights |
| prime movers | provide the most force for specific movement |
| antagonists | muscles that oppose each other |
| synergists | muscles that aid each other |
| fixators | muscles that prevent maven tat joint, stabilize joint/bone |
| location | abdominis? Abdomen brachialis? Branch or arm cleido? Clavicle anconeus? Elbow carpi? Wrist genio? Chin glosso? Tongue |
| shape | deltoid? Triangular trapezius? Trapezoid rhomboideus? Rhomboid orbicularis? Round |
| direction | rectus? Straight or parallel transverses? At right angles oblique? Muscles run at an angle sphincter (or orbicularis)? Circular muscle |
| relative size |
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