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BSC2085l
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissue | group of similar cells/ cell processes that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to preform a specific structural/psychological role in an organ. |
| What is a group of similar cells that performs some discrete function within an organ described as? | tissue |
| The extracellular material of a tissue is called the extracellular ______. | matrix |
| Which tissue type covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms the internal and external linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue? | Epithelial |
| A tissue found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, is called ___________ tissue. | Epithelial |
| A specialized layer that serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below is a(n) _____________membrane. | basement |
| A group of similar cells and cell products performing a common function is a(n) _______. | Tissue |
| Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane? | basal |
| What is the extracellular material of a tissue called? | matrix |
| Which epithelial cell shape is significantly taller than it is wide? | Columnar |
| Which function of epithelial tissues is best suited to detecting changes in the environment? | Sensation |
| The height and width are about equal in which epithelial cell shape? | Cuboidal |
| Between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue lies a layer known as the Blank______ membrane. | basement |
| Epithelial cells that have a flat and scaly shape are classified as Blank______ cells. | squamous |
| Which term is used to describe the free surface of an epithelium? | Apicial |
| Cells that have a square or round shape, such as those shown, are classified as ________ cells. | cuboidal |
| Considering the number of cell layers only, the type of epithelium shown is ____________ epithelium. | stratified |
| The epithelial cell shape shown in the given image is _____________. | squamous |
| Choose the four types of stratified epithelia. | Stratified squamous Stratified columnar Stratified cuboidal Urothelium |
| Which type of epithelium makes up the air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of the heart and blood vessels, and serous membranes of the viscera? | Simple squamous |
| What is the function of urothelium? | To allow stretching |
| The epithelium consisting of one layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers, is __________ epithelium. | simple |
| Of the four classes of tissue, __________ tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. | connective |
| The epithelial cell shape shown is ______________. | columnar |
| Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue? | Adipocytes Mast cells Fibroblasts Macrophages Leukocytes (white blood cells) Plasma cells |
| Which cell produces collagen fibers and ground substance? | Fibroblast |
| Large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues are called ______________. | macrophages |
| Where would urothelium be found? | Lining the lumen of the urinary bladder |
| Of the four main types of tissue, ___________ tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and binds tissues to one another. | connective |
| What is another term for a fat cell? | Adipocyte |
| What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue? | Elastic Reticular Collagenous |
| How are the different types of fibrous connective tissue distinguished from one another? | By whether the arrangement of fibers is dense or loose |
| What are the two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue based on their relative abundance of fibers? | Dense and loose |
| Which tissue type is found in tissue sections from most parts of the body? | Areolar tissue |
| Which connective tissue is composed of loosely arranged reticular fibers and lymphocytes? | Reticular connective tissue |
| While preparing some chicken wings for cooking you observe white fibers connecting the bones and the muscles to bone. What type of fibers are these? | Collagenous |
| Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue are classified as what type of connective tissue? | Fibrous |
| In dense regular connective tissue, the collagen fibers are ______________. | closely packed |
| By definition, the tissue type that is a type of connective tissue that contains predominantly adipocytes is called ___________ tissue. | adipose |
| Which connective tissue contains loosely arranged cells, elastic fibers, and collagenous fibers? | Areolar connective tissue |
| Cartilage is best described as which of the following? | A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix |
| Where is reticular connective tissue found? | Spleen, thymus, bone marrow and lymph nodes |
| What is a small space in tissue such as bone or cartilage that contains a chondrocyte or osteocyte called? | Lacuna |
| Dense regular connective tissue is primarily composed of which fibers? | Collagenous |
| What is a cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna called? | Chondrocytes |
| Which of the following is a relatively avascular class of connective tissue? | Cartilage |
| Another term for bone is _________ tissue. | osseous |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Spongy and compact |
| A mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes surrounded by its own matrix and entrapped in a lacuna is a(n) | osteocyte |
| A type of supportive connective tissue with a relatively rigid, but flexible matrix is | Cartilage |
| A cellular component of blood or lymph is a ___________ element. | formed |
| What is another name for osseous tissue? | bone |
| Blood plasma is best defined as which of the following? | The liquid portion of blood |
| What is an osteocyte? | A mature bone cell located in a lacuna |
| What is the primary function of blood? | To transport cells, nutrients, gases and dissolved matter through the body |
| What are the cells and cell fragments of blood collectively referred to as? | Formed elements |
| Which of the following are formed elements of blood? | Platelets Leukocytes Erythrocytes |
| What is the most abundant type of formed element in the blood? | Erythrocyte |
| Which tissues can be described as excitable because they are able to respond to outside stimuli by changing their membrane potential? | Nervous and muscular |
| Which tissue comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia? | Nervous |
| The most abundant type of formed elements in the blood are ____________ (Use the technical term). | Erythrocytes |
| Undifferentiated cell that can divide and differentiate into more functionally specific cell types such as blood cells and germ cells are called ________ cells. | stem |
| What is the ability of stem cells to differentiate into a diverse number of mature cell types called? | Developmental plasticity |
| Which of the following describes regeneration? | Replacement of damaged cells by the same type of cells as before |
| What is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue called? | Fibrosis |
| During tissue repair, the blood clot is replaced by which of the following? | Granulation tissue |
| Tissue necrosis resulting from infection is ______. | gangrene |
| Most cells undergoing apoptosis are ______. | destroyed by macrophages |
| Place the steps of tissue repair in order from start to finish. Place the first step at the top. | 1. Bleeding into the cut 2. scab formation, macrophage becomes active 3. formation of granulation tissue and fibroblastic phase of repair 4. epithelial regeneration, fibrosis , remodeling phase |
| A bed sore is also known as ______. | a decubitus ulcer |
| What is Atrophy? | Shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. Examples: senile atrophy and disuse atrophy |
| Programmed cell death is ______. | apoptosis |
| Endocrine glands | lose contact with the surface and no ducts. Has a high density of blood capillaries and secretes their hormones into the blood. Examples: pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland |
| Exocrine glands | maintains contact with the surface via duct that secretes sweat, milk and tears to the surface. Most often released into the cavity (lumen) of the mouth or intestine. Example: salivary, liver and pancreas |
| The branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system is called | dermatology |
| The system that consists of the skin and its accessory organs is the __________ system. | integumentary |
| Identify the components of the integumentary system. | Dermis Epidermis Cutaneous glands Hair |
| What is the body's largest and heaviest organ? | Skin |
| Which two distinct layers make up the skin? | Epidermis and dermis |
| Name the connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue. | Hypodermis |
| Which are accessory organs of the integumentary system? | Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands |
| Skin is classified as thick or thin based on the thickness of which layer? | Stratum corneum |
| Which of the following is true about the most superficial layer of the skin? | It contains abundant keratin. |
| Which of the following describes thick skin? | it has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. |
| Which of these structures is covered by thin skin? | Forearm |
| Which of the following describe functions of skin? | Skin is considered a sense organ. It begins the process of vitamin D synthesis. It acts as an important barrier to water and UV radiation. |
| Choose all the features of skin that minimize bacterial and fungal growth during an infection. | The acid mantle inhibits microbial growth. The dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth |
| The pH of the skin surface is between which of the following values? | 4-6 |
| Which of these proteins gives epidermal cells their durability? | Keratin |
| The epidermis is a barrier to ultraviolet rays, blocking much of the cancer-causing radiation from reaching the nuclei of cells called ______. | Keratinocytes |
| Which skin type covers the palms, soles, and surfaces of the fingers and toes? | thick skin |
| The skin plays an important role in the synthesis of which of the following? | vitamin d |
| Which of these is covered by thick skin? | palms |
| Sensory receptors in the dermis and epidermis contribute to which function of the skin? | Detecting changes in the environment |
| In the process of thermoregulation, cutaneous nerve endings monitor the ___________ of the body surface. | temprature |
| The skin functions as an important barrier to which of the following? | Water Ultraviolet radiation Microorganisms |
| Which of these functions are impaired in burn patients? | Vitamin D production |
| Which of the following is an example of the non-verbal communication function of the skin? | Reddening of the skin (blushing) when embarrassed |
| The skin is essential in sensing which of the following? | Touch Temperature Injury |
| Which cools the skin? | Evaporation of sweat |
| The epidermis is a barrier to ultraviolet rays, blocking much of the cancer-causing radiation from reaching the nuclei of cells called ______. | keratinocytes |
| Which of the following describes blushing? | Vasodilation of blood vessels |
| Cells in the epidermis are nourished by blood vessels located in which of the following? | dermis |
| Tactile cells are receptors for which of the following? | touch |
| Where are dendritic cells typically found? | Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum |
| Which of the following describes the stratum basale? | A single layer of cuboidal stem cells and melanocytes resting on a basement membrane |
| Which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin? | Stratum spinosum |
| A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your hand. What is this layer called? | Stratum basale |
| The stratum lucidum contains which of the following? | The clear protein eleidin |
| The stratum basale contains which of the following? | Actively dividing cells The colored pigment melanin |
| What is the name of the layer of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that forms the durable surface layer of the epidermis? | Stratum corneum |
| The following events occur in the life of a keratinocyte. Place them in chronological order starting with what happens first (top box) and ending with what happens last (bottom box). | 1. stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes 2. mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upwards. 3. Keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments. 4. Keratinocytes die 5. dead keratinocytes flake off the surface |
| Name the coarse dark-staining granules found in the stratum granulosum. | Keratohyalin granules |
| The presence of a layer of lipids between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum facilitates which of the following? | water retention |
| Which term refers to the shedding of skin cells? | Exfoliation |
| Which epidermal layer is structured to resist abrasion, penetration, and water loss? | Stratum corneum |
| Keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermal surface as tiny specks called | dander |
| Stratum basale | Stem cells divide and new keratinocytes are produced. |
| Stratum spinosum | Mitosis ceases. Keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them |
| Stratum granulosum | Keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. Keratinocytes die. |
| Stratum corneum | Dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface. |
| Tight junctions located between keratinocytes in the skin play an important role in which of the following? | Preventing water loss |
| Oxygen and nutrients needed by the epidermal cells undergoing mitosis are acquired from blood vessels in which one of the following layers? | Dermis |
| The skin layer that has the hair follicles and nail roots embedded in it is the | dermis |
| Which of the following best describes the dermal papillae? | The upward projections of the dermis at the dermis-epidermis boundary |
| Which type of tissue comprises the papillary layer of the dermis? | Areolar connective tissue |
| Which of the following are found in the dermis? | Fibers Glands Nerve endings Blood vessels |
| The dermis consists of two zones. The more superficial of the two is called the ________ layer. | Papillary |
| Which term refers to the wavy upward projections at the boundary of the dermis and epidermis? | Dermal papillae |
| The hypodermis primarily consists of which type of tissue? | Adipose tissue |
| Apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body? | Beard area (males only) Groin and anal region Axillary region |
| Which clinical term is used to describe disagreeable body odor? | Bromhidrosis |
| Sweat glands that have a relatively narrow lumen and a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface are called __________ sweat glands. | eccrine |
| Which of the following best describes the function of the subcutaneous layer? | An energy reservoir and thermal insulation |
| Which of the following describes the composition of sweat? | Acidic solution containing urea, potassium, sodium chloride and ammonia |
| The process by which perspiration evaporates as fast as it is produced is called what? | Insensible perspiration |
| Which describes merocrine sweat glands? | Simple tubular glands with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis |
| The term that describes the condition in which sweat is produced, causing noticeably wet skin during circulatory shock or exercise is | diaphoresis |
| Specialized myoepithelial cells can be found amid the secretory cells of which glands? | Apocrine and merocrine |
| Which of the following best describes the function of ceruminous gland secretions? | They waterproof the ear canal, and coat the guard hairs of the ear. |
| Polythelia describes a condition characterized by which of the following? | The presence of additional nipples |
| The bone cells responsible for the formation of the organic bone matrix are called chondrocytes. | False- Chondrocytes produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix. Osteoblasts are the cells that deposit bone matrix and eventually become osteocytes. |
| The connective tissue that makes up bone is called _______ tissue. | osseous |
| What is the deposition of calcium salts called? | Calcification |
| What are the hollow spaces in which osteocytes reside called? | Lacunae |
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