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Lower Limb - OIF Mus
Preparation for Anatomy course - origin, insertion, and function of muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Origin of Gluteus Maximus | posterior ilium, posterior sacrum, superior gluteal line |
| Insertion of Gluteus Maximus | gluteal tuberosity, iliotibial tract |
| Action of Gluteus Maximus | chief hip extensor, maintains erect posture, hip external rotation, hip abduction |
| Exercises for Gluteus Maximus | sidelying hip abduction, clams, bridging, lunges, side step, wall squat |
| Term for Gluteus Maximus | Gluteus = rump/buttock Maximus = largest |
| What happens if the gluteus maximus becomes affected? | climbing stairs and running will be difficult |
| Origin of Gluteus Medius | posterior ilium between superior and middle gluteal lines |
| Insertion of Gluteus Medius | greater trochanter |
| Action of Gluteus Medius | anterior: assist in hip flexion and medial rotation posterior: assists with extension and external rotation All portions internally rotate in hip flexion All portions externally rotate regardless of position |
| Exercises for Gluteus Medius | bridging, lunges, clams, hip abduction, wall squat, forward step up |
| Origin of Gluteus Minimus | outer surface of ilium, between the inferior and anterior gluteal lines |
| Insertion of Gluteus Minimus | greater trochanter |
| Action of Gluteus Minimus | Main is hip abduction, then pelvic stabilization during single limb support in walking, anterior segment medially rotates the thigh ` |
| What happens if the Gluteus Minimus becomes weak or affected? | results in Trendelenburg gait, where the pelvic drops on the unsupported side |
| Exercises for Gluteus Minimus | hip abduction, with extension (prone or side lying) single leg bridging, clams |
| Origin of Inferior Gemellus | ischial tuberosity |
| Insertion of Inferior Gemellus | medial surface of greater trochanter |
| Action of Inferior Gemellus | external rotation in hip extension hip extension, hip abduction in hip flexion |
| Term for Inferior Gemellus | lower twin |
| Term for Superior Gemellus | higher twin |
| Origin of Superior Gemellus | outer surface of ischial spine |
| Insertion of Superior Gemellus | medial surface of greater trochanter (via tendon of obturator internus) |
| Action of Superior Gemellus | external rotation when hip is extended and abducts flexed hip, deep hip stabilizer |
| Origin of Obturator Internus | inferior margin of the superior pubic ramus |
| Insertion of Obturator Internus | medial surface of the greater trochanter |
| Action of Obturator Internus | laterally/externally rotates the hip abduction of hip hip joint stabilizer |
| Term for Obturator Internus | obturo- to stop or block internus = internal |
| Origin of Piriformis | anterior sacrum |
| Insertion of Piriformis | greater trochanter |
| Most superficial of the deep gluteal muscles | Piriformis |
| Which muscle can be used to locate the sciatic nerve | Piriformis |
| Which muscle divides the gluteal region inferiorly and superiorly | Piriformis |
| Action of Piriformis | external rotation of hip in standing, abduction of the hips when flexed, aids in pelvic tilting laterally and posteriorly |
| Exercises for Piriformis | figure 4, prone medial rotation, piriformis stretch |
| Term for Piriformis | pirum = pear forma = shape |
| Origin of Quadratus Femoris | lateral ischial tuberosity |
| Insertion of Quadratus Femoris | quadrate tubercule on intertrochanteric crest of femur |
| Action of Quadratus Femoris | hip external rotation, assist in adduction, stabilizes the femur head in acetabulum |
| Exercises for Quadratus Femoris | hip flexor lunge stretch with external rotation lunges of BOSU |
| Origin of Tensor Fascia Latae | posterior ASIS |
| Insertion of Tensor Fascia Latae | iliotibial band |
| Action of Tensor Fascia Latae | hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation assists in knee flexion and external rotation aids in pelvic stability in standing and walking |
| What happens if you have a shortened Tensor Fascia Latae | anterior tilt of pelvis and/or medial rotation of the femur |
| Exercises for Tensor Fascia Latae | IT band stretch (standing, supine or sidelying) |
| Term for Tensor Fascia Latae | tens- = to stretch fasciae = of the band latae = side |
| Origin of Articularis Genus | distal femur on anterior surface |
| Insertion of Articularis Genus | suprapatellar bursa |
| Action of Articularis Genus | pulls suprapatella bursa superiorly with extension of knee |
| What muscle is considered the fifth head of quadricep | Articularis Genus |
| What happens if the Articularis Genus fails to function properly? | can lead to suprapatellar bursa |
| Origin of Iliacus | inside of the pelvic bowl |
| Insertion of Iliacus | lesser trochanter |
| Action of Iliacus | key muscle to maintain body posture when combined with psoas major, it's the strongest hip flexor flexes thigh at hips and stabilizes hip joint |
| Exercises for Iliacus | thomas stretch, isometric hip flexion |
| Term for Iliacus | llia = flanks or entrails |
| Term for Psoas Major | Greek term "Psóas" meaning muscle of the loins Major - greater |
| What happens if you have a weak Psoas muscle? | can cause restriction in breathing through thoracic diaphragm can cause difficulty in hip flexion |
| Origin of Psoas Major | transverse process of lumbar vertebrae sides of bodies T12-L5, intervening intervertebral discs |
| Insertion of Psoas Major | lesser trochanter |
| Action of Psoas Major | acts with iliacus to strongly flex hip flexes vertebral column laterally used to balance trunk in sitting acts with iliacus to flex trunk |
| Exercises for Psoas Major | hip flexor s, bridging, knees to chest, frog stretch, pigeon pose, sit to stand, wall squat |
| Term for Sartorius | "sartor" means tailor, AKA tailor's muscle as it helps sit in cross legged position |
| Origin of Sartorius | ASIS |
| Insertion of Sartorius | pes anserine |
| Action of Sartorius | abducts, externally rotates, and flexes hip important for pelvic stability in women |
| Exercises for Sartorius | IT band stretch supine, clams, pigeon pose, abduction walks with band |
| What happens if you have weakness in the Sartorius | can lead to per anserine bursitis |
| Origin of Rectus Femoris | AIIS |
| Insertion of Rectus Femoris | tibial tuberosity |
| Action of Rectus Femoris | hip flexion with iliopsoas, especially if knee is flexed (known as the "toe off" phase) knee extension - generates force needed for loading (flat foot phase) in stance phase |
| Exercises for four Quadricep muscles | Lunges, hip flexor stretch, quads over roll, quad sets, wall squats |
| The muscles that make up the Quadriceps | Rectus Femoris Vastus Intermedius Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis |
| Muscle that crosses over the hip and knee joint | Rectus Femoris |
| Origin of Vastus Intermedius | anterior and lateral femur |
| Insertion of Vastus Intermedius | base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament |
| Action of Vastus Intermedius | knee extension |
| Term for Vastus Intermedius | Vastus = great Intermedius = intermediate |
| Origin of Vastus Lateralis | greater trochanter |
| Insertion of Vastus Lateralis | base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament |
| Action of Vastus Lateralis | knee extension |
| Origin of Vastus Medialis | intertrochanteric line (greater trochanter, lateral lip of ischial tuberosity, and lateral lip of linea aspira) |
| Insertion of Vastus Medialis | base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament |
| Action of Vastus Medialis | knee extension, assists in proper tracking patella |
| What happens if the Vastus Medialis is weak | can contribute to patellar maltracking and patellofemoral pain |
| What muscle is used for muscle stimuation in knee joint rehabilitation? | Vastus Medialis |
| Origin of Extensor Digitorum Longus | lateral condyle of tibial proximal 1/3 of anterior surface of interosseous membrane and fibula |
| Insertion of Extensor Digitorum Longus | middle and distal phalangeal bones of lateral four digits |
| Action of Extensor Digitorum Longus | extends lateral four digits and ankle dorsiflexion |
| Exercises for Extensor Digitorum Longus | ankle dorsiflexion strengthening, toe extension, knee to wall (plantar fascia stretch) toe extension with heel raises |
| What happens if you have weakness in the Extensor Digitorum Longus | decreases extension of toes and most commonly detected from weak ankle dorsiflexion |
| Origin of Extensor Hallicus Longus | middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of Extensor Hallicus Longus | dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe |
| Action of Extensor Hallicus Longus | extends big toe, ankle dorsiflexion |
| Exercises for Extensor Hallicus Longus | ankle dorsiflexion strengthening and big toe extension |
| Origin of Fibularis Tertius | distal third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of Fibularis Tertius | dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal |
| Action of Fibularis Tertius | ankle dorsiflexion, aids in ankle eversion |
| Exercises for Fibularis Tertius | ankle dorsiflexion strengthening, ankle circle |
| Term for Fibularis Tertius | third fibular muscle |
| Origin of Tibialis Anterior | lateral shaft and condyle of the tibia |
| Insertion of Tibialis Anterior | medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal |
| Action of Tibialis Anterior | ankle dorsiflexion, ankle inversion |
| Exercises for Tibialis Anterior | ankle dorsiflexion and ankle inversion strengthening ankle circles |
| Who commonly has weakness in the Tibialis Anterior | Those with Parkinson's disease, and they usually try to compensate with their tensor fascia latae muscle |
| Which muscle is known for causing shin splints if you have pain along the path of it? | Tibialis Anterior, aka medial tibial stress syndrome |
| Which muscle is the primary dorsiflexor | Tibialis Anterior |
| Origin of Adductor Brevis | body and inferior pubic ramus |
| Insertion of Adductor Brevis | pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspira of femur |
| Action of Adductor Brevis | adducts thigh at hip, weak hip flexor |
| Exercises for Adductor Brevis | hip flexor stretch, lunge hip flexor stretch, frog stretch, hip abduction strengthening |
| Origin of Adductor Longus | body of pubis inferior to pubic crest |
| Insertion of Adductor Brevis | middle third of linea aspira of femur |
| Action of Adductor Brevis | hip adduction |
| Exercises for Adductor Brevis | hip adduction stretch, frog stretch, hip flexor stretch, hip adductor strengthening |
| Origin of Adductor Mangus (hamstring part) | ischial tuberosity |
| Origin of Adductor Mangus (main part) | inferior pubic ramus; ramus of ischium |
| Insertion of Adductor Mangus (hamstring part) | adductor tubercule of femur |
| Insertion of Adductor Mangus (main part) | gluteal tuberosity, linea aspira, medial supracondylar line |
| Action of Adductor Mangus (hamstring part) | extends thigh |
| Action of Adductor Mangus (main part) | hip adduction and flexion |
| Exercises for Adductor Mangus | hip flexor stretch, hip flexion strengthening, hip adduction strengthening |
| Origin of Gracilis | body and inferior ramus of pubis |
| Insertion of Gracilis | superior part of medial surface of tibia |
| Action of Gracilis | hip adduction, hip flexion, hip internal rotation |
| Exercises for Gracilis | hip flexion strengthening, hip adduction strengthening, supine hip internal rotation, hip flexor stretch |
| Term for Gracilis | Slender in Latin |
| Origin of Obturator Externus | margins of obturator foramen, obturator membrane |
| Insertion of Obturator Externus | trochanteric fossa of femur |
| Action of Obturator Externus | hip external rotation, stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum |
| Exercises of Obturator Externus | hip abduction, figure 4 stretch, pigeon pose |
| Origin of Pectineus | superior ramus of pubis |
| Insertion of Pectineus | pectineal line of femur |
| Action of Pectineus | hip adduction, hip flexion |
| Exercises for Pectineus | hip flexor stretch, hip flexor strengthening, hip adductor stretch |
| Origin of Biceps Femoris (long head) | ischial tuberosity |
| Origin of Biceps Femoris (short head) | linea aspira and lateral supracondylar line of femur |
| Insertion of Biceps Femoris | lateral side of head of fibula |
| Action of Biceps Femoris | hip flexion, external rotation, extension |
| Exercises for Biceps Femoris | hip flexion and hip extension strengthening, clams, hamstring stretch, hip flexor stretch |
| Origin of Semimembranosis | ischial tuberosity |
| Insertion of Semimembranosis | posterior part of medial condyle of tibia |
| Action of Semimembranosis | hip extension, knee flexion |
| Exercises for Semimembranosis | straight leg raise, hamstring curl, hamstring stretch, hip extension strengthening |
| Origin of Semitendonosis | ischial tuberosity |
| Insertion of Semitendonosis | superior part of medial tibia |
| Action of Semitendonosis | hip extension, knee flexion |
| Exercises for Semitendonosis | straight leg raises, hip extension strengthening, hamstring stretch, hamstring curl |
| Origin of Fibularis Brevis | distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula |
| Insertion of Fibularis Brevis | styloid process at the proximal end of 5th metatarsal |
| Action of Fibularis Brevis | ankle eversion, ankle plantarflexion |
| Exercises for Fibularis Brevis | ankle plantarflexion, and eversion strengthening ankle plantarflexion stretch (sitting on heels) |
| Origin of Fibularis Longus | head and proximal two-thirds of the fibula |
| Insertion of Fibularis Longus | medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal |
| Action of Fibularis Longus | ankle eversion, ankle plantarflexion |
| Exercises for Fibularis Longus | ankle eversion and plantarflexion strengthening, ankle plantarflexion stretch (sitting on heels) |
| Origin of Flexor Digitorum Longus | medial part of posterior tibia inferior to soleal line |
| Insertion of Flexor Digitorum Longus | plantar bases of distal phalangeal bones of lateral 4 digits |
| Action of Flexor Digitorum Longus | supports arch, flexes 4 lateral toes, plantarflexion |
| Exercises for Flexor Digitorum Longus | arch strengthening w/pen, towel scrunch, ankle plantarflexion, toe flexion (emphasis on lateral toes) |
| How does the Flexor Digitorum Longus benefit walking? | Pulls the toes downwards towards the ground to attain maximal grip and thrust during toe off |
| Origin of Flexor Hallicus Longus | distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane |
| Insertion of Flexor Hallicus Longus | base of distal phalanx of big toe |
| Action of Flexor Hallicus Longus | flexes big toe, weak plantarflexor |
| Exercises for Flexor Hallicus Longus | big toe flexion, plantarflexion |
| How does the Flexor Hallicus Longus benefit walking | produces the final thrush from the foot in the toe off phase of the gait cycle |
| Which muscle is commonly injured in dancers? | Flexor Hallicus Longus, due to the repetitive forceful plantarflexion and stabilization required |
| Origin of Gastrocnemius (medial head) | medial epicondyle of femur |
| Origin of Gastrocnemius (lateral head) | lateral epicondyle of femur |
| Insertion of Gastrocnemius | calcaneus via Achilles tendon |
| Action of Gastrocnemius | ankle plantarflexion, assists in knee flexion, important in walking and posture |
| What muscle is the primary ankle plantarflexor | Gastrocnemius |
| Exercises for Gastrocnemius | calf stretch, heel raises, single leg heel raises, wobbleboard |
| Terms for Gastrocnemius | Greek words (gaster = belly, and kneme = leg) |
| Origin of Plantaris | inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament |
| Insertion of Plantaris | posterior aspect of calcaneus |
| Action of Plantaris | assists gastrocnemius |
| Term for Plantaris | related to the sole of the foot |
| Origin of Politeus | lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur; lateral meniscus |
| Insertion of Politeus | posterior tibia superior to soleal line |
| Action of Politeus | assists in knee flexion, unlocks the knee after "locking occurs, primary internal rotator of tibia in a non-weight bearing position |
| Exercises for Politeus | hamstring curl, hamstring stretch (sitting or standing) |
| Term for Politeus | Latin word "poples" meaning hollow of the knee |
| Term for Soleus | Latin word "solea' meaning sandals because of it's flat appearance |
| Origin of Soleus | head of fibula and soleal line of tibia |
| Insertion of Soleus | calcaneus via Achilles tendon |
| Function of Soleus | plantarflexion, stabilizes leg over foot, acts as a skeletal muscle, acts as a muscle pump |
| How does the Soleus act as a skeletal muscle? | prevents body from falling forward at the ankle during stance, takes load of the gastrocnemius during sitting heel raises |
| How does the Soleus act as a muscle pump? | Assists in venous return from periphery to the heart when upright as the venous circulatory system passes through the muscle tissue |
| Exercises for Soleus | soleus stretch, sitting calf raises, plantarflexion strengthening |
| Signs/Symptoms of a strain/rupture of Soleus | difficulty/pain with plantarflexion, walking, running, jumping or hopping |
| Origin of Tibialis Posterior | posterior tibia below soleal line, interosseous membrane, proximal half of posterior fibula |
| Insertion of Tibialis Posterior | tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiforms cuboid and basis of 2nd-4th metatarsal bones |
| Action of Tibialis Posterior | ankle plantarflexion and inversion |
| Exercises for Tibialis Posterior | ankle plantarflexion w/inversion ankle plantarflexion stretch (sitting on heels) |
| Origin of Abductor Digiti Minimi | medial and lateral tubercule of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum |
| Insertion of Abductor Digiti Minimi | lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit |
| Action of Abductor Digiti Minimi | abducts and flexes 5th digit |
| Exercises for Abductor Digiti Minimi | towel scrunch, toe flexion/extension |
| Origin of Abductor Hallicus | medial tubercule of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis |
| Insertion of Abductor Hallicus | medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit |
| Action of Abductor Hallicus | abducts and flexes big toes |
| Exercises for Abductor Hallicus | big toe flexion, toe scrunch |
| Origin of Adductor Hallicus (oblique head) | base of 2nd-4th digits |
| Origin of Adductor Hallicus (transverse head) | ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints of digits 2-4 |
| Insertion of Adductor Hallicus | tendons of both heads of lateral to side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit |
| Action of Adductor Hallicus | adducts big toe, maintains transverse arch of foot |
| Exercises for Adductor Hallicus | towel scrunch, arch stretch |
| Origin of Dorsal Interosseous Muscle | adjacent sides of 1st to 5th metatarsals |
| Insertion of Dorsal Interosseous Muscle | 1st: medial sides of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit 2nd-4th: lateral sides of digits 2-4 |
| Action of Dorsal Interosseous Muscle | abducts 2nd-4th digits flexes metatarsophalangeal joints extends phalangeal joints |
| Exercises for Dorsal Interosseous Muscle | toe abduction, towel scrunch with emphasis on abduction |
| Origin of Extensor Digitorum Brevis and Extensor Hallicus Brevis | superolateral surface of calcaneus, lateral talocalcaneus ligament, deep surface of inferior extensor retinaculum |
| Insertion of Extensor Digitorum Brevis and Extensor Hallicus Brevis | first tendon into dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of big toe other three tendons into lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus to digits 2-4 |
| Action of Extensor Digitorum Brevis and Extensor Hallicus Brevis | aids extensor digitorum longus in extending 4 medial digits at interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint |
| Origin of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis | base of the 5th metatarsal |
| Insertion of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis | lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit |
| Action of Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis | flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit |
| Origin of Flexor Digitorum Brevis | medial tubercule of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum |
| Insertion of Flexor Digitorum Brevis | both sides of middle phalangeal bones of lateral four digits |
| Action of Flexor Digitorum Brevis | flexes 2nd-5th digit |
| Origin of Flexor Hallicus Brevis | plantar surfaces of cuboid bone and lateral cuneiform bone |
| Insertion of Flexor Hallicus Brevis | both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit |
| Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit | flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit |
| Exercises for Flexor Hallicus Brevis | big toe flexion |
| Origin of Lumbericals | tendon of flexor digitorum longus |
| Insertion of Lumbericals | medial side of dorsal digital expansions of lateral four digits |
| Action of Lumbericals | flexes proximal phalangeal bones at metatarsophalangeal joint extends phalangeal bones at proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints |
| Origin of Plantar Interossei | bases and medial sides of 3rd-5th metatarsals |
| Insertion of Plantar Interossei | medial sides of bases of proximal phalangeal bones of 3rd-5th digits |
| Action of Plantar Interossei | adducts digit (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal joint and extend phalangeal joints |
| Exercises for Plantar Interossei | toe scrunch |
| Origin of Quadratus Plantae | medial and lateral sides of plantar surface of calcaneus |
| Insertion of Quadratus Plantae | posterolateral edge of flexor digitorum longus tendon |
| Action of Quadratus Plantae | corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus, thus assisting in toe flexion |
Created by:
Caitlyn De La Cruz
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