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Patho chap 34
chronic and degernative neurological disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who has headaches | more common in female than males |
| seizure | sudden, abnormal, disorderly discharge of neurons within the brain that is characterized by a sudden transient alteration in brain function |
| epilepsy | chronic, unprovoked seizures |
| what percent of the population with have a seizure in their life time | 10% |
| what percent of those who have had a seizure will be diagnosed with epilepsy | 3% |
| degenerative neurological diseases | those that diminish neurological impulse transmission |
| at what age does parkinson disease become more likely to develop | 60 yrs |
| what is MS | an immune mediated and involves the destruction of myelin sheaths |
| neurons | transmit impulse, process information, and connect with other neurons |
| what travels between the gaps or synapses between neurons | neurotransmitters |
| what are glial cells and what do they do | they provide structural support for neurons and are involved with phagocytosis |
| acetylcholine | brain function, memory and larning, muscle contractions |
| dopamine | behavior and cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, reward center |
| substantia nigra | where dopamine is produced |
| too much dopamine | causes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
| GABA | calm. sleep, pleasure and contentment gaba helps decrease muscle tone and spasm and is involved with seizure activity |
| glutamate | the brains primary excitatory neurotransmitter |
| action potentials | nerve conductions that begin at the cell body and travel down the axon stimulate ions like Na, K, Ca |
| what is depolarization? | when inside of the neuron becomes more positive |
| why is a refractory period important? | provide time so potential can go back to baseline levels |
| if there is no refractory period what can happen? | seizures |
| what is myelin | a protective sheath compare it to insulation around an electrical wire |
| what happens to nerve impulses when myelin is impaired | potential of conduction can be lost and sometimes they cannot grow back |
| where are upper motor neuron cell bodies located | in the cortex in the brains motor control region |
| where are lower motor neurons located | spinal cord |
| what is involved in a good neurological exam | motor, sensory, reflexes, balance, visual field and speech |
| what diagnostic test would you perform on a patient with a new onset seizure? | EEG |
| what diagnostic test would you perform on a patient with multiple sclerosis | spinal tap and myelogram |
| who is most commonly affected by seizures | infants less than a year people greater than 65 |
| what are some known causes of epilepsy? | genetic influence, prenatal injury |
| generalized seizure | always impaired awareness |
| focal seizure | one area/ hemisphere of the brain - can be aware or impaired awareness |
| causes of secondary headaches | another primary condition like a concussion |
| primary headaches are categorized as | migraine, tension type headaches, and trigeminal autonomic cephlagia |
| what are the three subtypes of TTH | infrequent, frequent and chronic |
| infrequent episodic | about 1 time a month |
| frequent episodic | 10 headache episodes a month for at least 3 months |
| chronic TTH | 15 headache episodes for 3 months |
| presenting symptoms of TTH | band like pain, cervical & shoulder muscle tightness |
| symptoms of migraine | alterations and perception, nausea, severe pain |
| stages of headache: prodrome | neural hyper excitability in the brain |
| stages of headache: aura | cortisol spreading depression (CSD) occurs |
| stages of headache: pain | trigeminovascular complex activation accounting for the pain |
| stages of headache: postdrome | sensitization of the trigeminal compelx |
| serotonin and calcitonin gene related peptides | thought to be released and it is known to be a potent vasodilators |
| what is the prodromal stage of a migraine like | continued pain or fatigue |
| what does the typical migraine patient report? | severe throbbing on one side, unilateral |
| what are some common migraine triggers | movement, light and sound |
| when do people usually get diagnosed with parkinson's disease | in the 50's and 60's |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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