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A&P II Final, Pt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five special senses? | Olfaction/ Gustation/ Vision/ Equilibrium/ Hearing |
| 2. Which special senses are considered chemical senses? | Smell and taste |
| 3. Where are the olfactory organs located? | Nasal cavity/ sides of nasal septum |
| 4. What do olfactory receptors detect? | Dissolved chemicals |
| 5. Which special sense reaches the cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus? | Olfactory (smell) |
| 6. What is gustation? | Provides info about the foods and liquids consumed |
| 7. What is a taste bud? Where are taste buds located? | Associated with epithelial projections on superior surface of tongue/ inside the lingual papillae |
| 8. What are the bumps on your tongue called? What do they contain? | Lingual papillae that contain many taste buds |
| 9. Know the types of taste sensations. | Sweet/ Salty/ Sour/ Bitter/ Umami- Meaty flavors |
| 10. How are gustation and olfaction similar? | They dissolve chemicals on contact hairs |
| 11. What are the major structures and secretions of the external ear and their functions? | Auricle: surrounds EAM (protect canal opening, funnels sound, directional sensitivity)/ Tympanic membrane: thin sheet & separates external and middle ear |
| 12. What is the tympanic membrane? | Thin, semitransparent sheet that separates external and middle ear |
| 13. Know each of the ossicles of the middle ear. What is the function of these ossicles? | Malleus (hammer)/ Incus (anvil)/ Stapes (stirrup)// They conduct vibrations to inner ear |
| 14. What are the basic receptors of the inner ear? | Hair cells |
| 15. Understand the process of how a sound sensation occurs. (slides 57-58) | |
| 16. What are the three layers of the eye? | Outer fibrous layer/ Intermediate vascular layer/ Deep inner layer |
| 17. What is the iris? How is it related to the pupil? | Contains papillary muscles that change diameter of pupil |
| 18. What is a photoreceptor? | Specialized to detect light |
| 19. Compare and contrast the two kinds of photoreceptors. | Rods: Grayscale vision |
| 19. Compare and contrast the two kinds of photoreceptors. | Cones: Sensitive to colors |
| 20. What is the optic disc and why is it a blind spot? | Where all the nerve fibers converge and form the optic disc/ Contains large blood vessels to supply eye with O2 and nutrients |
| 21. What is the function of the lens? | Changes shape to focus on nearer or farther objects |
| 22. The lens changes ______________ to focus on nearer or farther objects. | Shape |
| 1. What does the endocrine system regulate? | Growth, Development, Reproduction |
| 2. What types of messengers does the endocrine system use? What other system is this similar to? | Chemical messengers to relay info and instructions between cells// Like the nervous system |
| 3. What controls the endocrine system at the highest level? | Hypothalamus |
| 4. The hypothalamus works closely with what other structure? | Pituitary gland |
| 5. Where is the thyroid? | In the neck |
| 6. Which pituitary hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormones? | Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
| 7. What does it mean that thyroid hormones have a calorigenic effect? | Cells consume more energy resulting in incr heat generation/ has a strong, immediate, shot-lived increased cellular metabolism/ Affect most cells in body |
| 8. Where are the parathyroid glands located? | Embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland |
| 9. Where are the adrenal glands located? | Superior border of each kidney |
| 10. What are the two subdivisions of the adrenal glands? | Superficial adrenal cortex/ Inner adrenal medulla |
| 11. What hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what are the functions of it? | Melatonin/ influences circadian rhythms |
| 12. What characterizes diabetes? | By glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys |
| 13. What is type I diabetes? | Insulin dependent/ inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells/ multi injections daily or continuous infusion/ 5%-10% of cases/ often develops in childhood |
| 13. What is type 2 diabetes? | Non-insulin dependent/ most common form of diabetes/ tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance)/ Associated with obesity |
| 14. Why does untreated diabetes damage the kidneys? | it overwhelms the filtration abilities of the kidneys b/c of excess glucose. This leads to poor blood quality |
| 15. Understand each of the possible complications of untreated diabetes. | Kidney degeneration, retinal damage, early heart attacks, peripheral nerve problems, peripheral nerve damage |
| 16. Which organs also have secondary endocrine functions? | Intestines, kidneys, heart, thymus, gonads |
| 1. What organ system is blood part of? | Cardiovascular System |
| 2. What kinds of material does blood transport to and from cells? | O2 & Carbon Dioxide/ Nutrients/ Hormones/ Immune system components/ Waste products |
| 3. What are five important functions of blood? (slide 4) | Transp of dissolved sub/ Regulation of Ph and ions/Restriction of fluid loss at injury sight/ Defense against pathogens & toxins/ Stab of body temp |
| 4. Be familiar with the composition of whole blood. How much is plasma and formed elements? | Whole blood= plasma+formed elements/ 46%-63% plasma/ 37%-54% Formed elements |
| 5. What are the three types of formed elements? | Platelets/ WBC/ RBC |
| 6. What percent of formed elements are RBCs, WBCs, and platelets? | Platelets less than 1%/ WBC Less than 1%/ RBC 99.9% |
| 7. What is the name of the process of RBC production? | Erythropoiesis |
| 8. Given the blood type, be able to name the type of surface antigens present in that blood. | |
| 9. Given the blood type, be able to name the type of antibodies present in that blood. | |
| 10. Why do blood donors have to be compatible with recipients? What happens when donated blood is not compatible? | |
| 11. Why is type O- a universal donor? | Has no surface antigens/Donors antibodies are not important |
| 12. Be able to interpret a table like the one on slide 37 and give the blood type given the reactions. | |
| 13. What are the general functions of WBCs? (slide 43) | Defend against pathogens/ Remove toxins and wastes/ Attack abnormal cells |
| 14. Know the order of WBCs in terms of abundance. | Neutrophils/ Lymphocytes/ Monocytes/ Eosinophils/ Basophils |
| 15. Know each type of WBC and their functions given in the slides. | |
| 16. What is WBC production called? | Leukopoiesis |
| 17. What are three functions of platelets? (slide 56) | Release important clotting chem/ Temporarily patch dmg vessel walls/ Reduce size of a break in vessel wall |
| 18. Define hemostasis. | Cessation of bleeding |
| 19. What is the ultimate result of the three pathways of the coagulation phase? | Circulating fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin |
| 20. Know the medical complications of blood clotting from slide 68. | Forms blockage in blood vessel/ incr risk of heart attack and stroke/ sitting for long periods can stimulate blood clots in legs/ Pulmonary embolism risk |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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