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nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central nervous system consists of... | - brain - spinal cord |
| brain consists of... | - 2 cerebral hemispheres - diencephalon - brainstem - cerebellum |
| meninges | - membranes that protect brain and spinal cord - lies between bone and soft tissues of nervous system |
| layers of meninges | - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater |
| dura mater | - outer layer - dense connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels |
| arachnoid mater | - middle layer, web-like - contains cerebrospinal fluid (csf) |
| pia mater | - inner layer - attached to surface of brain, spinal cord |
| where is csf produced | - 2 lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle |
| cerebrospinal fluid functions | - nutritive and protective - helps maintain stable ionic concentrations in cns - circulates in ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space |
| what is csf secreted by | choroid plexuses |
| what are major portions of brain? | - cerebrum - diencephalon - cerebellum - brainstem |
| cerebrum | - initiates and coordinates movement - speech, thinking, emotions, senses |
| diencephalon | - coordinates with endocrine system - relays motor signals to cerebral cortex regulates circadian rhythms |
| cerebellum | - balance and posture - coordination - motor learning |
| brainstem | - connects brain to spinal cord - controls subconscious activity |
| structure of cerebrum | - central hemispheres - corpus callosum - gyri - sulci - fissures |
| corpus callosum | large nerve bundle connecting hemispheres |
| gyri | ridges or convolutions |
| sulci | shallow grooves in surface |
| cerebral cortex | - thin layer of grey matter, makes up most of outer layer of cerebrum - has almost 75% of neuron cell bodies - white matter makes up most of cerebrum - responsible for higher mental functions |
| what areas can cerebral cortex be divided into? | - sensory - association - motor |
| cutaneous sensory area | interprets sensations on skin |
| sensory speech area (wernicke's) | understanding and formulating language |
| visual area | interprets vision |
| auditory area | interprets hearing |
| association areas of cortex... | - aren't primarily motor or sensory - widespread throughout cerebral cortex - analyze and interpret sensory experiences |
| frontal lobe association areas | complex problem solving |
| parietal lobe association areas | choosing words to express thoughts and feelings |
| temporal lobe association areas | interpret complex sensory experiences (speech and reading) |
| occipital lobe association areas | analyze and combine visual images |
| broca's area | controls muscles needed for speech |
| memory types | - short-term (working) - long-term |
| diencephalon | - b/w cerebral hemispheres and above brainstem - damage can cause amnesia |
| diencephalon areas | - thalamus - hypothalamus - optic tracts - optic chiasma - infundibulum - posterior pituitary - mammillary bodies - pineal gland |
| thalamus | - receives all sensory info (not smell) - channels impulses to part of cerebral cortex to interpret |
| hypothalamus | - maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities |
| limbic system | controls emotional responses, feelings, and behaviors oriented to survival |
| what does brainstem consist of? | - midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata |
| midbrain | - has bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of brain - corpora quadrigemina |
| corpora quadrigemina | centers for visual and auditory reflexes- fixing on an object or turning toward a sound |
| pons | - relays nerve impulses - relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum - helps regulate rhythm of breathing |
| medulla oblongata | - contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers - contains various nonvital reflex control centers |
| cerebellum | - integrates sensory info concerning position of body parts - coordinates skeletal muscle activity - maintains posture |
| spinal cord | - consists of 31 segments - each segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves |
| 2 main functions of spinal cord | - center for spinal reflexes - conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain |
| reflex | automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body |
| reflex arc | most common reflex arc - sensory neuron - interneurons - motor neurons |
| monosynaptic (stretch) reflex | - has two neurons (sensory and motor) - 1 synapse in spinal cord - helps maintain upright posture |
| withdrawal reflex | - prevents or limits tissue damage - has sensory, motor, and interneurons |
| peripheral nervous system | - consists of nerves that connects cns to other body parts - has cranial and spinal nerves |
| divisions of pns | - somatic nervous system - autonomic nervous system |
| somatic nervous system | conscious activities |
| autonomic nervous system | subconscious activities |
| mixed nerves | - has both sensory and motor nerve fibers - most nerves are mixed |
| cranial nerves | - 12 pairs on underside of brain - are numbered with roman numerals |
| olfactory nerve l | smell |
| optic nerve ll | vision |
| oculomotor nerve lll | - voluntary muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes - involuntary muscles that focus lens, adjust light entering eye |
| trochlear nerve lV | muscles that move eyes |
| trigeminal nerve V | - ophthalmic division - maxillary division - mandibular division |
| ophthalmic division | sensory from eye surface |
| maxillary division | sensory from upper mouth and skin of face |
| mandibular division | sensory from lower mouth and skin of jaw |
| abducens nerve Vl | muscles that move the eyes |
| facial nerve Vll | sensory from taste receptors, tear glands, and salivary glands |
| vestibulocochlear nerve Vlll | - vestibular branch - cochlear branch |
| vestibular branch | equilibrium receptors of ear |
| cochlear branch | hearing receptors |
| glossopharyngeal nerve lX | - sensory from pharynx, tonsils, and part of tongue - motor to salivary glands and muscles of pharynx |
| vagus nerve X | - muscles of speech and swallowing - autonomic motor to heart, other viscera of thorax and abdomen - sensory from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen |
| accessory nerve Xl | - cranial branch - spinal branch |
| cranial branch | motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx |
| spinal branch | muscles of neck and back |
| hypoglossal nerve Xll | muscles of tongue for speaking, chewing, swallowing |
| autonomic nervous system | - functions without conscious effort - regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| divisions of ans | - sympathetic division - parasympathetic |
| sympathetic division | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic division | resting and digesting |
| control of autonomic activity | - controlled by hypothalamus - control of ans is involuntary |
Created by:
KimBriann
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