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Finals
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The gallbladder lies in the: abdominal cavity. pelvic cavity. dorsal cavity. mediastinum. | abdominal cavity |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. upper and lower right and left front and back proximal and distal | right and left |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? Head pointing forward Body standing erect Pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb All of the above describe the body in the anatomical position | pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb |
| The lungs are located in the: thoracic cavity. mediastinum. abdominal cavity. cranial cavity. | thoracic cavity |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: molecules. cytoplasm. organelles. plasma membranes | organelles |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? Distal Proximal Superficial Inferior | proximal |
| Molecules are: atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. electrons orbiting nuclei. a complex of electrons arranged in concentric shells. composed of cellular organelles. | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates |
| he brain is ______ as compared to the skull deep lateral superficial supinated | deep |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): tissue. organism. system. organ. | tissue |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? Deep Distal Proximal Superficial | superficial |
| Acids: are proton donors. taste sour. release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. All of the above are true of acids. | all of the above are true of acids |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. 12; 25; 2 12; 13; 14 12; 13; 10 Not enough information is given to answer the question | 12 protons, 13 neutrons, and 10 electrons |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? Sulfur Chlorine Iron Phosphorus | iron |
| An example of a catabolic process is: hydrolysis. dehydration synthesis. formation of a peptide bond. both B and C. | hydrolysis |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: two. four. six. eight. | two -the first shell (or energy level) of an atom can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Therefore, the number of electrons found in the first shell of carbon, with an atomic number of 6, is two. |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon | helium -the least likely to combine with another element because it has a full outer electron shell and is therefore stable and unreactive. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? Oxygen Zinc Carbon Potassium | zinc -not one of the major elements present in the human body. While oxygen, carbon, and potassium are major elements found in the body, zinc is considered a trace element. |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: protons and electrons. neutrons and electrons. neutrons, protons, and electrons. protons and neutrons. | protons and neutrons |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: acids. bases. buffers. salts. | bases |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: solution becomes more basic. solution becomes more acidic. pH rises. Both A and C are correct. | solutution becomes more acidic |
| Does NOT describe a structure or function of the proteasome? -Breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER true false | false |
| Does NOT describe a structure or function of the proteasome?Looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits true false | false |
| Does NOT describe a structure or function of the proteasome? Requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in true false | false |
| Does NOT describe a structure or function of the proteasome? All of the above are structures or functions of proteasomes. true false | false |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the: lysosome. Golgi apparatus. ribosome. centriole. | lysosome |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: mitochondria. proteasomes. peroxisomes. lysosomes. | peroxisomes |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: microvilli. flagella. cilia. All cell extensions contain microfilaments. | microvilli |
| Which of the following is not true about ribosomes? Contain protein Composed of a large unit and a small unit Surrounded by a membrane structure Contain RNA | Surrounded by a membrane structure -is not true about ribosomes. Ribosomes are not surrounded by a membrane structure; they are free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: white blood cell. female sex cell or ovum. liver cell. male sex cell or sperm | female sex cell or ovum |
| How do vesicles move from place to place in an organized way within the cell? | Molecular motors pull them along the microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? Cholesterol Protein Phospholipids Glycoproteins | cholesterol |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: cilia. flagella. microvilli. desmosomes. | microvilli |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: receptor proteins. glycoproteins. rafts in the cell membrane. phospholipid bilayer. | phospholipid layer |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to the heart. skeletal muscles. mesenchyme. all of the above None of the above | all of the above |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. sweat, eccrine, and sebaceous sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous sweat, eccrine, and ceruminous sebaceous, eccrine, and ceruminous | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which of the following is an example of a serous membrane? pleura peritoneum pericardium All of these are examples of a serous membrane. | All of these are examples of a serous membrane. |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? elastin collagen reticular adipose | collagen |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? striated muscle smooth muscle bone blood | bone |
| The basic determinant of skin color is keratin. mucus. melanin. tyrosine. | melanin |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the connector. dendrite. axon. neuron. | neuron |
| Which of the following is NOT a principal type of tissue? cardiac epithelial nervous connective muscle | cardiac |
| The two major categories of body membranes are epithelial and connective. epithelial and glandular. connective and glandular. serous and cutaneous. | serous and cutaneous |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer. reticular epidermal muscle connective tissue | reticular |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the: symphysis pubis. sternum. humerus. carpal. | sternum |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the maxilla. lacrimal. palatine. hyoid. | lacrimal |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the Group of answer choices sacroiliac. pubic symphysis. pelvic outlet. true pelvis. | pubic symphysis |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the radius and humerus. radius and ulna. ulna and humerus. pisiform and lunate | radius and ulna |
| Why last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? are not attached to the vertebrae. do not attach even indirectly to the sternum. no direct attachment of these ribs to the clavicle. are only attached indirectly to the sternum. | floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum. |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the hyoid bone. tibia. patella. parietal. | patella |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the epiphysis. articular cartilage. periosteum diaphysis. | diaphysis |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? pubis ischium ilium coccygeal | pubis |
| Which bone is located on the posterior aspect of the skull. ethmoid occipital parietal maxilla | occipital bone |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are compact and spongy. axial and cranial. appendicular and cranial. axial and appendicular. | axial and appendicular. |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? Trapezius Pectoralis minor Levator scapulae Rhomboideus | pectoralis minor |
| The linea alba is a band of connective tissue that runs over the rectus abdominis from the xiphoid process to the pubis True False | false |
| There are more than 600 muscles in the body. True False | true |
| The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. convergent parallel fusiform pennate | pennate |
| Fascia is a general term for the fibrous connective tissue found under the skin and around muscle. True False | true |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. True False | true |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. spiral circular fusiform convergent | circular |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? Sartorius Peroneus longus Tibialis anterior Soleus | satorius |
| When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: upper arm. posterior lower leg. posterior thigh. anterior thigh. | posterior thigh |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: thigh. hip. knee. foot. | foot |
| Interneurons reside in the: CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS only. PNS only. None of the above is correct. | CNS only |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. toward away from within None of the above is correct. | toward |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Dopamine | dopamine |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: somatic nervous system. autonomic nervous system. central nervous system. afferent division. | somatic nervous system |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: endoneurium. perineurium. macroneurium. epineurium. | perineurium |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: nuclei. tracts. ganglia. axons. | nuclei |
| The nervous system can be divided: according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. | in all of the above ways |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: there is no neurolemma in cells of the CNS. astrocytes fill in the path of regrowth. microglia lay down scar tissue. | astrocytes fill in the path of regrowth |
| Astrocytes attach to: neurons. oligodendrocytes. blood vessels. both A and C. | both A and C |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: dendrite, axon, cell body, and receptor. dendrite, cell body, and axon. axon, cell body, and dendrite. receptor, axon, and cell body. | dendrite, cell body, and axon |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. ninth tenth eleventh twelfth | tenth |
| The spinal tract is located on the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord in the _____ tract. lateral corticospinal ventral spinothalamic dorsal corticospinal lateral spinothalamic | lateral corticospinal |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? Hypothalamus Thalamus Pineal gland Cerebellum | pineal gland |
| The brainstem does not include the: pons. medulla. midbrain. cerebellum. | cerebellum |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? Cervical Brachial Lumbar Thoracic | thoracic |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. subarachnoid space choroid plexuses spinal cord intraventricular foramen | subarachnoid space |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. median phrenic femoral None of the above is correct. | femoral |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. True False | false |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: sensory. motor. descending. none of the above. | sensory |
| The spinal cord does not extend from the foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra. true false | false |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. zona fasiculata zona glomerulosa zona reticularis tuber cinerum chrommafin cells | zona reticularis |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? pineal anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary adrenal medulla thyroid and parathyroids | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. tectorial membrane oval window pharyngotympanic tympanic membrane round window | oval window |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. androgens gonadotrophins mineralocorticoids amino acid-based hormones glucocorticoids | glucocorticoids |
| The basilar membrane supports the spiral lamina. spiral ganglion. spiral organ. modiolus. bony labyrinth. | spinal organ |
| The hormone produced by the heart increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. increases calcium levels in the blood. is secreted in response to low blood volumes. decreases urine output. | secreted in response to low blood volumes |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. thyroid gland gonadal cells of the ovaries/testes thymus gland pancreas adrenal gland | adrenal gland |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the olfactory. hypoglossal. facial. glossopharyngeal. | facial |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. hypophysis adrenal gland thymus gland thyroid gland pancreas | thyroid gland |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hemoglobin. osteons. erythroblasts. hematopoietic stem cells. | erythroblasts |
| Renal veins drain blood from the eyes. hands. pelvic region. kidneys. | kidneys |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? ductus venosus ductus arteriosus foramen ovale placenta | foramen ovale |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the pelvis. leg and foot. head and upper extremities. fingers. | pelvis |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? coronary veins pulmonary arteries venae cavae coronary arteries | coronary arteries |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a P wave. QRS complex. T wave. E wave. | E wave |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. leukopenia. differential white blood cell count. hemostasis. | leukopenia |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. spinal cord and brain fingers head and upper extremities lower torso | spinal cord and brain |
| The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is(are) the: SA node. AV node. Purkinje fibers. AV bundle. | SA node |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the endocardium. endothelium. serous pericardium. fibrous pericardium. | endothelium |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. inguinal axillary supratrochlear superficial cervical | supratrochlear |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a germ center. trabecula. lymph node. germinal center. | germinal center |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: liver. small intestine. spleen. Both A and B are correct. | liver |
| Lacteals: drain into the right lymphatic duct. are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines. are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. Both B and C are correct. | are the lymphatices in the villi of the small intestines |
| Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: jugular vein. subclavian veins. superior vena cava. inferior vena cava. | subclavian veins |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: thymus. spleen. tonsils. thoracic duct. | thymus |
| The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity palatine pharyngeal lingual laryngeal | pharyngeal |
| Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: spleen. liver. thymus. small intestine. | small intestine |
| Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function? Hydrochloric acid Mucus Enzymes Sebum | hydrochloric acid |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the leukocyte. macrophage. lymphocyte. phagocyte. | lymphocyte |
| The divisions of the thoracic cavity include all of the following except the: left pleural cavity. right pleural cavity. respiratory cavity. mediastinum | respiratory cavity |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. stratified columnar pseudostratified columnar simple squamous simple columnar | pseudostratified columnar |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: oropharynx. nasopharynx. esophagus. Both A and B are correct. | oropharynx |
| Which of these structures is not found in the left lung? Oblique fissure Secondary bronchi entering the superior lobe Secondary bronchi entering the inferior lobe Horizontal fissure | horizontal fissure |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: throat. windpipe. voice box. nasal cavity. | throat |
| Which of the following is not part of the respiratory membrane? Ciliated respiratory mucosa Alveolar epithelium Capillary epithelium All of the above are part of the respiratory membrane. | ciliated respiratory mucosa |
| Anatomically, how does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects? | the right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. This anatomical fact helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus. |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? Their origin is the hyoid bone. They move the larynx as a whole. They serve in voice production. Both A and B are correct. | they serve in voice production |
| The total number of lobes in both lungs is: 6. 5. 4. 3. | five -the right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), while the left lung has two lobes (superior and inferior). |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: horizontal fissure. oblique fissure. bronchopulmonary segments. hilum. | horizontal fissure |
| The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: visceral peritoneum. greater omentum. lesser omentum. mesentery. | mesentery |
| The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is: | The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid |
| Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver? Right lobe Medial lobe Left lobe Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe | medial lobe |
| The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the _____ colon. ascending transverse descending sigmoid | descending |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as: cholelithiasis. cholecystitis. cholecystectomy. choledochorrhaphy. | cholecystectomy |
| Urine is conducted from the kidney to the urinary bladder through a tube called the: renal column. renal pelvis. urethra. ureter. | ureter |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? ANH Aldosterone ADH Both B and C | Both B and C -ADH and aldosterone |
| The mechanism for voiding begins with: the relaxation of the internal sphincter. the contraction of the muscles of the bladder. the relaxation of the external sphincter. a parasympathetic impulse sent to the bladder | contraction of the muscles of the bladder |
| Which of the following is not a part of the glomerular-capsular membrane? Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule Glomerular endothelium Basement membrane | parietal layer of the glomerular capsule |
| Urine formation involves all the following processes except: filtration. catabolism. reabsorption. secretion. | catabolism |
| Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced? ANH Aldosterone ADH Both B and C | aldosterone |
| One difference between the male urethra and the female urethra is the male urethra is: shorter. part of two different body systems. unique in that there are no additional ducts that merge with it. both B and C. | both B and C -part of two different body systems. unique in that there are no additional ducts that merge with it. |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called cardiac inhibition. coronary inhibition. vagal inhibition. autonomic inhibition. | vagal inhibition |
| Each of the following is a duct in the male reproductive system except: vas deferens. urethra. epididymis. inguinal canal. | inguinal canal |
| The fundus of the uterus is the: lower, narrow section. area above where the tubes enter. central portion. opening into the uterus. | area above where the tubes enter. |
| The final stage in the process of ovarian follicle development is the: corpus hemorrhagicum. corpus luteum. corpus albicans. mature follicle. | mature follicle |
| Which of the following is not an effect of testosterone? Group of answer choices Promotes excretion of potassium by kidneys Promotes anabolism of proteins Promotes growth of skeletal muscles Promotes lengthening of long bones | Promotes excretion of potassium by kidneys |
| In the male reproductive system, the essential organs of reproduction are called: seminal vesicles. testes. vasa deferentia. Cowper glands. | testes |
| Fertilization of an ovum most often occurs in the: ovary. fallopian tube. uterus. vagina. | fallopian tube |
| Which of the following is(are) not classified as an accessory organ(s) of the reproductive system in the male? testes epididymides urethra seminal vesicles | seminal vesicles |
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