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A&P l final
tests 4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (t/f) A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit. | true |
| (t/f) In the initiation of muscle fiber contraction, calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin for cross-bridge formation. | false |
| (t/f) Acetylcholine released by the myofibril crosses the synaptic cleft to bind to the motor neuron ending. | false |
| (t/f) ATP is necessary for muscle contraction. | true |
| The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the... | epimysium |
| Myofibrils are composed primarily of... | actin and myosin |
| Transverse tubules... | provide communication channels |
| The functional unit of muscle contraction is... | sarcomere |
| Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in... | motor neuron endings |
| The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to... | decompose |
| Creatine phosphate... | supplies energy for the synthesis of atp |
| Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of... | myosin |
| At a neuromuscular junction... | neurotransmitters |
| What is the first event in muscle fiber contraction? | acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron |
| The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a... | synapse |
| Muscle fiber contraction | - impulse arrives at synapse and travels through transverse tubules - ca is released - ca floods sarcoplasm and binds troponin molecules - cross-bridge - thin fil. are pulled over thick fil. - muscle fiber shortens and contracts |
| Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of... | the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough o to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for 1-2 min |
| The person supports the body on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little similar to the "up" position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a plank is most likely | isometric |
| The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called... | recruitment |
| Smooth muscle has __________ and not troponin. | calmodulin |
| The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are... | intercalated discs |
| The more movable end of a muscle is its... | insertion |
| Activities such as distance swimming and distance running will most likely stimulate development of... | slow fatigue-resistant fibers |
| The muscle that causes an action is the... | agonist |
| A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n)... | synergist |
| In order to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________. | acetylcholine |
| Explain the pathway of a muscle contractions. Include ions, neurotransmitters, proteins, etc. | |
| (t/f) The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system. | true |
| (t/f) Sensory receptors are part of the CNS. | false |
| (t/f) The space between neurons is called the neuronal space. | false |
| (t/f) Because the response of a nerve fiber is all-or-none, a greater intensity of stimulus does not produce a stronger impulse. | true |
| (t/f) The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are... | dendrites |
| Sensory receptors... | detect changes in and outside the body |
| Three general functions of the nervous system are.. | - integrative - motor - sensory |
| Myelin... | consists of layers and proteins that wrap around an axon |
| Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord? | oligodendrocytes |
| Synaptic knobs are at the ends of.. | axons |
| When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of... | ca ions |
| A physiologist testing signal transduction rates in two different nerves notices that one fiber conducts signals much faster than the other. Which is the most likely difference between the two? | the faster nerve fiber is myelinated and slower one is not |
| The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is... | thick and myelinated |
| The resting cell membrane is more permeable to which ion? | potassium |
| What is the correct sequence of events along an axon that follows a membrane reaching threshold potential? | - sodium channels open and ions diffuse inward - membrane depolarizes - potassium channels open and ions diffuse outward - membrane repolarizes |
| A nerve cell membrane becomes depolarized as a result of... | Na+ ion channels being opened and Na+ ions diffuse into cell |
| The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is... | acetylcholine |
| What makes up the CNS? | - brain - spinal cord |
| What makes up the PNS? | - cranial nerves - spinal nerves |
| Explain the pathway of a nerve impulse. Include ions, polarization, depolarization, etc. | |
| (t/f) the dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges | true |
| (t/f) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in 4 ventricles. | true |
| (t/f) The function of cerebrospinal fluid is to nourish and protect. | true |
| (t/f) The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. | false |
| (t/f) White matter makes up most of the cerebrum. | true |
| (t/f) Broca's area controls voluntary movement of the eyes and eyelids. | false |
| (t/f) The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis in the body. | true |
| (t/f) The monosynaptic reflex helps to maintain an upright posture. | true |
| (t/f) The peripheral nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. | false |
| (t/f) Cranial nerves are both sensory and motor. | true |
| (t/f) The autonomic nervous system functions without conscious effort. | true |
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of... | brain and spinal cord |
| The part of the brain that coordinates smooth voluntary muscular movements is the... | cerebellum |
| A fetus possesses a mutation that causes the diencephalon region of the developing brain to cease growing. Which structures in the mature brain will be missing/abnormal if the fetus survives to birth and childhood? | - thalamus - pineal gland - hypothalamus |
| If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged,... | motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost |
| Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question? | frontal |
| What are functions of the hypothalamus? | - regulation of body temp - control of hunger and thirst - regulation of heart rate and blood pressure |
| The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the __________, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the __________. | - skin and skeletal muscles - cns to visceral organs |
| During a meal, the __________ division activates digestion and slows heart rate. During exercise, the __________ division slows digestion and increases heart rate. | - parasympathetic - sympathetic |
| olfactory l | - sensory - smell |
| optic ll | - sensory - vision |
| oculomotor lll | - primarily motor - move eyelids, adjust light entering, focusing lens |
| trochlear lV | - primarily motor - muscles that move eyes |
| trigeminal V | - mixed - ophthalmic division - maxillary division - mandibular division |
| ophthalmic division | - surface of eyes - tear glands - scalp - forehead - upper eyelids |
| maxillary division | - upper mouth - skin of face |
| mandibular division | - scalp - skin of jaw - lower mouth |
| abducens Vl | - primarily motor - muscles that move eyes |
| facial Vll | - mixed - taste receptors |
| vestibulocochlear Vlll | - sensory - vestibular branch - cochlear branch |
| vestibular branch | - sense of equilibrium |
| cochlear branch | - sense of hearing |
| glossopharyngeal lX | - mixed - impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, carotid arteries - swallowing |
| vagus X | - mixed - impulses from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax and abdomen - speech and swallowing |
| accessory Xl | - primarily motor - cranial branch - spinal branch |
| cranial branch | - muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx |
| spinal branch | - muscles of neck and back, some proprioceptor input |
| hypoglossal Xll | - primarily motor - muscles that move tongue, some proprioceptor input |
Created by:
KimBriann
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