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A&P II Ch 27

QuestionAnswer
11. Where are sperm produced within the testes? Seminiferous tubles
12. What is the process of sperm production called? Spermatogenesis
13. Are sperm produced in the testes capable of fertilizing an oocyte? No
14. What is the epididymis? Where is it located? Coiled tube that's bound to posterior border of testis/ Sperm maturation occurs here
15. Where does the ductus deferens begin and end? Approximately how long is it? Begins at tail of epididymis, ends at prostate gland and esminal glands/ 40-45 cm long
16. The ejaculatory duct empties into what? The urethra
17. In males, the urethra is shared between which two systems? Reproductive and urinary systems
18. What are the three regions of the male urethra? Where is each located? Prostatic(passing through prostate)/ Membranous (Passing through urogenital diaphragm)/ Spongy (In penile tissue)
19. What is semen? Mixture of secretions from many glands, each with distinctive biochemical characteristics
20. What are the three accessory glands that contribute to the composition of semen? Seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
21. What is the name of the male erectile organ? What are the functions of this organ? Penis/ Root: fixed portion that att to body wall/ Body(shaft): tubular & moveable. Three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue/Glands(head): expanded distal end
22. What is the name of the fold of skin surrounding the tip of the penis? Prepuce (foreskin)
23. Understand how blood flow is coordinated to control the erectile tissue of the penis. Resting state: arterial tissue are constricted & blood flow in erectile tissue is restricted/ Aroused state: arteries dilate, allowing significant blood flow
24. What are the important functions of testosterone? Stimulates spermatogenesis (sperm maturation)/ Affects CNS function/ Stimulates metabolism
25. What are three functions of the female reproductive system? Produces sex hormones and functional gametes/ Protects and supports developing embryo/ Nourishes newborn infant
26. What are the organs of the female reproductive system? Ovaries/ Uterine tubes/ Uterus/ Vagina/ External genitallia
27. What are the two main functions of ovaries? Produce immature female gametes (oocytes)/ Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens, progestins)
28. Where are female gametes produced? Ovaries
29. What is the process of ovum production called? Oogenesis
30. When does oogenesis begin? At birth
31. At female puberty, rising hormone levels cause what to happen every month? Trigger the ovarian cycle
32. What is a primordial follicle? Primary oocyte in an egg nest
33. What is the ovarian cycle? After sexual maturation, the preparation and activations of a primordial follicle each month occurs
34. Where do oocytes travel after leaving the ovaries? Through the uterine tube to the uterus
35. Where and when does fertilization typically occur? Secondary oocyte must meet spermatozoa during first 12-24 hrs/ Occurs btwn ampulla and isthmus
36. What are the functions of the uterus? Develops embryo and fetus
37. What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus? Embryo (weeks 1-8) Fetus (Week 9 through delivery)
38. What are the three layers of the uterine wall? Which is the outer, middle, and inner layer? Perimetrium-- Myometrium-- Endometrium
39. Which is the thickest portion of the uterine wall with layers of muscles? What is the function of this layer? Myometrium/ Provides force to move fetus out of uterus into vagina
40. What is the function of the endometrium? Glandular and vascular tissues support physiological demands of growing fetus
41. What are the two divisions of the endometrium? Functional zone/ Basilar zone
42. What is the uterine cycle? Repeating series of changes in endometrium/ Lasts from 21-35 days (avg 28 days)/ Responds to hormones of ovarian cycle
o What happens during the proliferative phase? Epi cells of uterine glands and vas structures multiply and spread across endometrial surface/ Restores integrity of uterine epi/ Completely restores functional zone
o The secretory phase? Begins at ovulation/ Endometrial glands enlarge, incr rate of secretion/ Arteries of uterine wall elongate and spiral/ peaks about 12 days after ovulation
o Menses? Degeneration of functional zone/ Constricts spiraled arteries/ Arterial walls rupture & degenerating tissues break away/ Entire functional zone is shed through vagina
43. What is menstruation? Process of endometrial sloughing/ lasts 1-7 days/ Sheds 35-50 mL of blood
44. The uterine cycle is a monthly cycle. What other cycle does this coordinate with? Follicular phase of ovarian cycle
45. What does it mean that the vagina is distensible? Able to expand and return to original size
46. What are three functions of the vagina? Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids/ Receives sperm during sexual intercourse/ Forms inferior portion of birth canal
47. What is the hymen? Delicate fold of skin that can partially block entrance to vagina in some females/ Can be torn by sexual intercourse or tampons
48. What are the vestibular bulbs? Masses of erectile tissue the lie beneath the muscles of vagina/ Has some embryological origins as corpus spongiosum of penis
49. Know the structures of female external genitalia. Vulva: female external genitalia/ Vestibule: central space bounded by small folds. Covered with smooth, hairless skin
50. Know the structures of the breasts and mammary glands. (slide 75) Nipple, areola/ Mammary glands secrete milk to nourish and infant. Lie in pectoral fat pads deep to skin of chest
51. What are five functions of estrogen? Stim bone & muscle growth/ Maintains female secondary sex characteristics/ Affects CNS activity/ Maintains functional accessory reproductive glands & organs/ Initiates repair and growth of endometrium
52. What is menopause? Ovulation and menstration cease/ occurs around age 45-55/ Circulating concentrations of estrogens and progesterone decline
53. What are the effects of aging on the male and female reproductive systems? F: Menopause/ M: Andropause
54. How are males and females different in terms of the aging reproductive system? Why?
1. Why is the reproductive system unique among all body systems? Only system that is not essential to the love of the individual
2. What are gametes? What are the male and female gametes? Produce and store specialized reproductive cells that combine to form new individuals
3. What are gonads? What are the male and female gonads? Organs that produce gametes and hormones/ M: Sperm, testes--F:Ovaries, oocytes
4. What is the reproductive tract? Includes all chambers and passageways that connect reproductive ducts to the exterior of the body
5. What are two functions of the testes? (slide 5) Secrete sex hormones (androgens)/ Produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
6. What structure encloses the testes? Scrotum
7. What are the spermatic cords? Extend btwn abdominopelvic cavity and testes/ Consist of lyrs of fascia and muscle/ Encloses vas deferens, BV, nerves, lympatic vessels of testes
8. What are the muscles associated with the scrotum and what is the function of each? Dartos muscle: lyr of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum/ causes characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface
9. Why do the testes need to be able to move closer and farther from the body? Temperature regulation
10. Know the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive tract. Testes-Epididymis-Vas deferens-Ejaculatory duct-Urethra
8. What are the muscles associated with the scrotum and what is the function of each? Cremaster muscle: Lyr of skeletal muscle deep to dermis/ Tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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