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Urogenital System
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urogenital System | Composed of the urinary system (kidneys and ducts that transport urine) and reproductive system (gonads and ducts; that transport eggs or sperm) |
| Function of the urinary system | Filter blood to remove nitrogenous waste (excretion) and maintain the water-salt balance in the body (osmoregulation) |
| Nephric tubules | Connect glomeruli to the nephric duct. Function in reabsorption (creates urine) |
| Glomeruli | Knot of capillaries. Filters blood |
| Nephric duct | Connect to the glomeruli. Drains urine from the kidneys to the cloaca or urogenital sinus |
| Nephrons | Nephric tubules + glomeruli Functional units of the kidney (where blood is filtered to produce urine) |
| Urine | Filtered and waste and extra water from the blood excreted via the urinary system |
| Where does blood in the glomerulus capillaries come from? | The renal aa. |
| Where is the urogenital system derived from? | The mesomere *mesomere derived from paired lateral masses |
| Urogenital ridges | bilateral expansions of the posterior region of the mesomere that protrude slightly from the dorsal wall of the body cavity into the coelom *Part of urogenital system development |
| Genital ridge | The medial component of each urogenital ridge Gives rise to the gonads (reproductive system) |
| Nephric ridge | The lateral component of the urogenital ridge Gives rise to the kidneys and nephric + reproductive ducts |
| Holonephros | Paired kidneys developed along the entire length of the nephric ridge. A primitive kidney |
| In what species is the holonephros present? | Early development of hagfish, some elasmobranchs, and caecilians (not present in adult vertebrates) |
| What are the three possible locations the nephric tubules can form within the nephric ridge? | Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
| Pronephros | Pronephric tubules connect to the pronephric duct. The pronephric (archinephric) duct grows posteriorly to reach the cloaca. |
| In what species is pronephros present? | -Present structurally in embryos of all vertebrates (development is often short lived) -Present in functional form in larval cyclostomes, some adult fish, and embryos of most non-amniotes -Present in non-functional form transiently in amniote embryos |
| What is pronephros replaced by when it regresses? | Mesonephros |
| Mesonephros | Mesonephric tubules tap into the pronephric duct (mesonephric duct) to reach the cloaca |
| In what species is mesonephros present? | -Functional form in most adult fish and amphibians -In amniotes it is replaced by the metanephros |
| Opisthonephros | It is an extended mesonephric kidney present in most adult fish and amphibians. The mesonephros incorporates additional nephric tubules within the posterior nephric ridge. |
| Metanephros | Metanephric duct forms at base of mesonephric duct. Metanephric duct grows dorsally into posterior region of the nephric ridge where it enlarges and stimulates growth of metanephric tubules that form metanephric kidney. |
| Metanephros becomes adult amniote ___________________ and the metanephric duct becomes _______________. | kidney, ureter |
| In what species is metanephros present? | Amniotes only |
| Urinary bladder | A storage receptacle for urine before it is excreted |
| Why is the urinary bladder helpful? | Allows vertebrates to have more control over when they urinate |
| Fish Urinary bladder | Urine is stored within the ends of the nephric (urinary) ducts where they join the cloaca |
| Amphibians and reptilian bladders *excluding snakes, some lizards, crocodilians, and almost all birds | The baglike urinary bladder is an out pocketing of the cloaca. Urine flowing from the nephric (urinary) ducts or ureters empties into the cloaca first and then fills the bladder |
| Therian Mammals urinary bladder | The nephric ducts (ureters) drain directly into the baglike urinary bladder. Urine exits out the urethra |
| Ureter | tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder |
| Urethra | tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body *placental mammals only |
| Where do the paired gonads arise from embryologically? | From the genital ridges along the middorsal wall |
| Primordial germ cells | Cells contained in the gonads of both sexes embryologically that later develop into either eggs or sperm |
| Where do primordial germ cells come from? | Come from the extraembryonic membrane and migrate to the genital ridge where they establish themselves within the developing gonads |
| Mesovarium | A dorsal mesentery that suspends the ovaries |
| Mesorchium | A dorsal mesentery that suspends the testes |
| Most vertebrates have paired ovaries. Which have only a single ovary? | Cyclostomes, some reptiles, most birds, and some mammals |
| Most vertebrates have 2 testes. Which have only one testes? | Cyclostomes and some teleost's |
| What is different about mammal testes compared to other vertebrates? | Mammal testes no longer reside in the abdominal cavity and descend into a scrotum |
| Mullerian (paramesonephric ducts) | A duct that develops parallel ot each archinephric duct and has the potential to transport the contents of each gonad to the external environment |
| In the general female vertebrate pattern what happens to the mullerian ducts? | Each mullerian duct becomes the oviduct, uterus, and vagine.. The mullerian ducts collect ova and transport them either to the uterus or directly to the cloaca |
| Uterus | The terminal portion of the oviduct. A chamber for shelled eggs waiting to be laid or embryos completing their development |
| Oviduct | uterine tube |
| Reproductive System: female cyclostomes | Lack mullerian ducts so eggs are shed directly into the coelom. They reach the cloaca through pores |
| Reproductive System: female elasmobranchs | Openings to oviducts may fuse to form a single entry point called the ostium tubae. Both ovaries ovulate into this opening |
| Reproductive System: female teleosts | In most, the mullerian ducts regress and eggs are transported via new ovarian ducts |
| Reproductive System: female amphibians | The mullerian ducts (oviducts) transport eggs from the paired ovaries to the cloaca |
| Reproductive System: female amniotes | The mullerian ducts (oviducts) transport the eggs from the paired ovaries to the cloaca, urogenital sinus, or vagina. The mesonephric duct regresses. |
| Clitoris | The homolog of the penis, composed o eretcile tissue. Present in many vertebrates in which males have a penis |
| In the general male vertebrate pattern, what happens to the Mullerian ducts? | The mullerian ducts regress and the archinephric duct is co-opted for transportation of sperm. |
| Ducts (vas) defreens | The part of the archinephric duct that transports sperm |
| Reproductive System: male cyclostomes | Males lack genital ducts so sperm are shed directly into the coelom. They reach the cloaca through pores |
| Reproductive System: male elasmobranchs | Accessory urinary ducts transport urine from the posterior kidney, which is the only portion of the kidney that functions in the adult. The archinephric duct only transports sperm |
| Reproductive System: male teleosts | Form a separate duct for sperm called the testicular duct |
| Reproductive System: male amphibians | In some species, arhinephric ducts transport both sperm and urine. In others, archinephric ducts transport only sperm and new accessory urinary ducts drain the kidneys |
| Reproductive System: male amniotes | The archinephric duct (ductus deferens) transports sperm only. Urine is transported by the ureter (metanephric duct) |
| Reproductive System: male therians | The ductus deferens joins the urethra |
| Urogenital system: female | Mullerian duct and its derivatives are structurally and functionally separate from the urinary system |
| Urogenital system: male | Testes (and sperm) take over the archinphric duct. In most vertebrates, a separate urinary duct (or ducts) is (are) then developed to keep the urinary and reproductive systems separate |
| Cloaca | A common chamber that receives products from the kidneys, intestines, and often the gonads. It opens to the outside via a cloacal opening (or vent) |
| What are the three chambers of the cloaca in the ancestral condition? | Coprodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum |
| Coprodeum | Receives contents of intestine *chamber of cloaca |
| Urodeum | Receives products of urinary and genital ducts if they enter cloaca through a common opening *chamber of cloaca |
| Proctodeum | Receives products of genital ducts if seperate from urinary system and functions in copulation (develops a penis in amniote males) *chamber of cloaca |
| What is formed if the coprodeum is separated from the urodeum + proctodeum? | An anus (coprodeum) and urogenital sinus (urodeum + proctodeum) |
| If the urodeum is separated from the prodcodeum (females only) what is formed? | A separate vaginal and urethral opening |
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tsimon033
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