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A&P Lecture 8
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cutaneous Membrane (2) | Epidermis (epithelium) Dermis (underlying tissue) |
| Sub-Cutaneous membrane (1) | HypoDermis |
| Functions of the Integumentary system | Protect underlying tissue Produce melanin Maintain body temperature Synthesize vitamin D |
| Integumentary system is made up of | Skin Hair Nails Glands |
| Takes up ___% of Body weight | 16% |
| Smallest / Largest organ system in the body | Largest |
| Main cells of Epidermis | Keratinocytes |
| Characteristics of Epidermis | Avascular= no blood cells Apical= has a surface Basal= has a bottom Attachment= Stratum basal attaches to Dermis through basement membrane |
| Thick skin | 5 layers of keratinocytes Lives on palms of feet and hands |
| Thin skin | 4 layers of keratinocytes Lives on the body |
| Layers of the Epidermis (Epithelium) (Top to Bottom) | Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum ( Lucid=clear) Stratum Granulosum (grainy) Stratum Spinosum ( spiny) Stratum Basal (B=bottom) |
| Stratum Basal is attached to the | basement membrane |
| Hemidesmosomes are | proteins that connect epidermis to the basement membrane |
| Basement membrane connects the Epidermis to the ______ | dermis underlying tissue |
| Finger prints are created by | epidermal ridges & dermal papillae |
| Cells found in Stratum Basal | Merkel Cells Melanocytes Basal cells = stem cells |
| Merkel cells are connected to | nerves ; allowing us to feel found in hairless skin |
| Melanocytes produce | melanin |
| Where does Stratum Spinosum cells come from | division of cells from stratum basal |
| what happens to Stratum Spinosum cells | keratinocytes detach from basal membrane cells begin to flatten and shrink |
| what type of cells are in the stratum spinosum | Dendric cells |
| Dendric Cells | white blood cells apart of the immune system sense pathogens |
| what happens to Stratum Granulosum cells | die and stop dividing DNA and organelles are destroyed in cell cell is filled with keratin |
| What do the cells begin to produce in the stratum granulosum (2) | Proteins: Keratin Keratohyalin |
| Why does cells look "grainy" in stratum granulosum | because keratohyalin and keratin are dense |
| Where is Stratum Lucidum only found ? | In hands and feet |
| Characteristics of stratum lucidum cells | densely packed filled with keratin |
| Stratum corneum is located | on the surface layer of the skin |
| what state are the Stratum corneum cells in | 100% dead/Keratinized |
| Characteristics of stratum corneum cells | water-proof shed every 2 weeks |
| Keratinization Life cycle | -Cell A is produced in stratum basal -Cell A undergoes mitosis to produce cell B -cell a becomes stem cell while cell b is pushed up through each layer until it reaches the surface - cell b loses volume, becomes filled with keratin and dies |
| purpose of keratinization | to have surface layer of dead skin cells to protect deeper layers |
| where is the dermis located | in between the epidermis and hypodermis |
| the layers of the dermis (2) | Papillary layer (top) Reticular layer (bottom) |
| function of the dermis | keeps epidermis structures in place ( glands, hair, and nails) |
| Papillary layer is made up of | loose areolar connective tissue capillaries lymph nodes nerves dermal papillae and epidermal ridges |
| dermal papillae goes | up look like hills |
| epidermal ridge goes | down look like dents |
| reticular layer is made up of | dense irregular connective tissue larger blood cells lymph nodes nerves collagen and elastin fibers |
| cleavage lines in the reticular layer come from | collagen fibers |
| The hypodermis is made up of | areolar and adipose tissue loose and stretchy |
| Pigment colors of the skin (2) | Melanin Carotene |
| Carotene contains the colors (2) | orange and yellow |
| Carotene is found in which layer of the skin | epidermis |
| carotene is created by which vitamin | vitamin A |
| Melanin consists of the colors(3) | yellow black and brown |
| melanin is produced by ______ in the ________ | melanocytes in the stratum basal |
| melanin is stored in which vesicles | melanosomes |
| melanin is transferred to | keratinocytes |
| function of melanocytes | protects skin from UV radiation |
| what is vitiligo | A.I.D loss of melanocytes= loss of color |
| what is skin cancer caused by | too much sunlight exposure |
| 3 types of skin cancer | basal carcinoma squamous carcinoma melanoma |
| basal cell carcinoma originates in the | stratum basal |
| characteristics of basal cell carcinoma | most common rarely metastasizes |
| squamous cell carcinoma originates in the | stratum spinosum |
| characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma | 2nd common more likely to metastasize |
| melanoma originates in the | melanocyte |
| characteristics of melanoma | highly to metastasize |
| how does melanoma spread | melanocyte arms extend down into the dermis spreads to other tissues |
| what method can be used to detect cancer cell | A= asymmetry B=border C=color D=diameter E=evolving |
| Precursor (comes before) of vitamin D3 | cholecalciferol |
| which layer of the skin is cholecalciferol produced | epidermis |
| which 2 organs process cholecalciferol into Vitamin D3 | liver and kidneys |
| vitamin D3 absorbs (2) | calcium and phosphorus |
| low vitamin D3= | knock knees bow legged knees |
| 3 types of exocrine glands | apocrine glands merocrine glands sebaceous oil glands |
| sebaceous oil glands contain (3) | sebum lipids bacteria |
| functions of sebaceous oil glands (2) | lubricate skin protect skin |
| apocrine glands are found in (3) | armpit nipple private area |
| characteristics of apocrine glands | goes into hair follicle cause odor |
| merocrine glands are found | on the surface of the body hands and feet |
| function of merocrine glands | cools skin release water and electrolytes release harmful chemicals |
| types of wound healing (2) | Epidermal wound healing Dermal wound healing |
| steps of epidermal wound healing(4) | 1. cut occurs 2. basal cells cover wound 3.cell division covers wound 4.more cell division regenerates thickness of epidermis |
| steps of deep wound healing (4) | 1. Inflammatory phase=white blood cells arrive to close surface wound 2. Migratory phase= basal cells regrow entire epithelium layer; fibroblasts (collagen and elastin) regrow dermis layer as scar tissue |
| steps of deep wound healing (4) continued.. | 3. Proliferative phase= epidermis and dermis tissue is complete 4.Maturation phase= scab falls off; scar forms |
| Burn degrees | 1st degree=Superficial (epidermis) 2nd degree= Partial thickness (dermis) 3rd degree= Full thickness ( Hypodermis) 4th degree=Bone/Muscle |
Created by:
jameesha1
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