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Chapter 15
Key concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood vessels called ___________ carry blood toward the heart and ___________ carry blood away from the heart. | veins, arteries |
| Why is the cardiovascular system vital to survival? | generates force to transport oxygen gases, nutrients and waste through body; consists of heart and blood vessels |
| What is a function of the pulmonary circuit? | transport oxygen to poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation unload carbon dioxide |
| What is a function of the systemic circuit? | distributes oxygenated blood to the body's tissues |
| During ventricular contraction, what is the status of the atrioventricular valves? | atrioventricular valves are closed to ensure one way blood flow between the atrium and valve on either side; prevents backflow |
| Name the tough outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart | Fibrous pericardium |
| What forms the skeleton of the heart? | rings of fibrous connective tissue surrounding valves |
| What layer lines the chambers of the heart? | endocardium |
| Name the layers of the wall of the heart and surrounding structures from deep to superficial | endocardium> myocardium> epicardium> pericardial cavity> parietal pericardium> fibrous pericardium |
| Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structure(s)? | superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus |
| What is the function of atrial natriuretic | increase excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys |
| The pain of angina pectoris results from a blockage in an artery that supplies what structure/area? | heart |
| What chambers of the heart will contain oxygen poor blood? | right atrium and ventricle |
| Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle? | the mitral valve |
| Which ECG wave is correctly described? | P wave |
| What is the correct sequence of components of the cardiac conduction system? | SA node> AV node> AV bundle> bundle branches> Purkinje fibers |
| What is the normal pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
| What causes the P wave on an ECG? | Atrial depolarization |
| What causes the T wave on an ECG? | ventricular repolarization |
| What term refers to an abnormally slow heart rate? | bradycardia |
| The ventricular walls and the atrial walls each form a functional syncytium. What does this term mean? | a mass of cells functioning as a unit |
| How does potassium affect heart rate? | electrical potential of cell membranes |
| What is released by the endothelium? | nitric oxide |
| What is the effect of nitric oxide in blood vessels? | an increased diameter or vasodilation of the vessel |
| What blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood? | the veins |
| Why does fluid leave capillaries at their arteriolar end and enter at the venural end? | the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher as the arterial end than at the venular end |
| What is described by the Frank-Starling law of the heart? | the quantity of blood that enters the heart = quantity pumped out |
| Which of the following is increased when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases? | Stroke volume , force of ventricular contraction |
| What is preload? | the amount of stretch of myocardial cells prior to contraction |
| What is the effect of vasoconstriction? | decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure |
| Plasma proteins contribute to the ____________ pressure of the blood. | Osmotic |
| When is blood pressure in the large systemic arteries the greatest? | during ventricular systole |
| What vessels help return blood to the heart? | the veins ( superficial & deep) |
| How is stroke volume calculated? | End diastolic volume - End systolic volume |
| How is pulse pressure calculated? | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| How does angiotensin 2 cause an increase in blood pressure? | by increasing vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance |
| What structures contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide? | carotid and aortic bodies |
| The longest vein in the body is the ___________ vein. | great saphenous |
| What is an example of a change due to aging of the cardiovascular system? | the tunica interna of arteries thickens, decreasing arterial diameter. |
| What is the function of the papillary muscles of the heart? | to prevent atrioventricular valves from prolapsing |
| During the cardiac cycle at the time of the highest ventricular pressure, what is the status of the heart valves? | atrioventricular valves are closed, semi lunar valves are open |
| What causes the first heart sound? When does this occur? | closure of atrioventricular valves soon after the beginning of systole |
| What occurs in arteries that results in the disease called atherosclerosis? | plaque containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls. |
| What type of capillary is the "leakiest"? | sinusoidal |
| The ________ of the medulla oblongata send(s) sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping to maintain peripheral resistance. | vasomotor center |
| Where would oxygen poor blood be found? | pulmonary arteries and systemic veins |
| What happens that allows the SA nodal cells to spontaneously depolarize? | progressive increase in membrane permeability to calcium and sodium ions |
| How does the hepatic portal system differ from other parts of the circulation? | blood flows from capillaries to another set of capillaries before returning to the heart. |
| In capillary beds, the net inward pressure at the venular ends of the capillaries is less than the net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of the capillaries. What is the result of this difference in pressure? | closed ended vessels called lymphatic capillaries collect excess fluid and return it through lymphatic vessels to the venous circulation |
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