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INDO ARCHITECTURE
ewan k
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is Indonesia located? | In Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. |
| How many islands does Indonesia consist of? | Over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. |
| What has been the most significant foreign influence on Indonesian architecture? | Indian influence. |
| Besides Indian influence, what other influences have played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture? | Chinese, Arab, and European influences. |
| What are the variations in religious architecture in Indonesia? | From indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches. |
| What is the derivation of the name 'Indonesia'? | From the Greek words INDOS and NESOS, meaning Indian Islands. |
| What are the geological features of Indonesia? | It is mountainous with a long curving band of active and extinct volcanoes passing through Sumatra, Java, and Bali. Volcanic rock has been extensively used for construction work. |
| Why are the tectonics of Indonesia complex? | It is a meeting point of several tectonic plates. |
| Between which continental plates is Indonesia located? | The Australian Plate (Sahul Shelf) and the Eurasian Plate (Sunda Shelf). |
| Between which oceanic plates is Indonesia located? | The Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. |
| What are the construction materials used in Indonesian architecture? | Bricks, timber, palm leaves, coconut trunk, bamboo, alang-alang grass, rice straw, and coconut fiber. |
| What is the climate of Indonesia? | Almost entirely tropical. |
| Why are houses in Indonesia built off the ground? | To moderate hot tropical temperatures, elevate dwellings above storm water runoff and mud, build on rivers and wetland margins, keep people, goods and food from dampness and moisture, lift living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos, and reduce the r |
| Who are the indigenous people of the Indonesian peninsula? | The Malays, an Austronesian people. |
| Where are the Malays native to? | Eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and coastal Borneo. |
| How does the sharply inclined roof of Indonesian architecture help with heavy tropical rain? | It allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off. |
| What purpose do large overhanging eaves serve in Indonesian architecture? | They keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. |
| How are homes designed in hot and humid low-lying coastal regions in Indonesia? | They can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation. |
| How are homes designed in cooler mountainous interior areas in Indonesia? | They often have a vast roof and few windows. |
| What is a characteristic feature of a Malay traditional house in Kedah, Malaysia? | Distinctive carved panels of the northern Malay peninsula. |
| What are traditional buildings in Indonesia built on? | Stilts with oversized saddle roofs. |
| Which ethnic groups have traditional houses with oversized saddle roofs? | The Batak and the Toraja. |
| How varied are the traditional houses and settlements of the ethnic groups in Indonesia? | Extremely varied, with each having their own specific history. |
| What are 'Rumah Adat' in Indonesia? | Traditional houses built in any of the vernacular architecture styles of Indonesia. |
| What is the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation? | Belief in the one and only God (Pancasila). |
| How many official religions does the Indonesian government recognize? | Six (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism). |
| What does the Indonesian Constitution guarantee in terms of religion? | Freedom of religion. |
| What is the significance of the collective influence of different religions on Indonesia's political, economic, and cultural life? | Significant. |
| When did the first people arrive in Indonesia? | About 40,000 years ago when the sea level was lower and it was joined to Asia by a land bridge. |
| When did a new wave of people arrive in Indonesia? | At the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 BC. |
| What were the early activities of the first people in Indonesia? | Hunting animals, collecting shellfish, and gathering plants for food. |
| What crops did the people in Indonesia learn to grow around 2,500 BC? | Taro, bananas, millet, and rice. |
| What materials were used for making tools by the early farmers in Indonesia? | Stone. |
| Where was the Java man skull originally discovered? | Sangiran, Central Java. |
| What type of fossils are the syntype fossils of Java Man (H. e. erectus)? | Homo erectus. |
| When did Indonesians start trading with other nations such as China and India? | From about 400 BC. |
| Which religions were introduced to Indonesia? | Hinduism and Buddhism. |
| What was flourishing by the 8th century AD in Indonesia? | Indonesian civilization. |
| What was the name of the Buddhist and Hindu kingdom in central Java? | Shailendra. |
| What is the name of the colossal stupa in Central Java, Indonesia? | Borobudur. |
| What is the status of Borobudur now? | A UNESCO World Heritage Site. |
| What was the great Buddhist kingdom in south Sumatra? | Srivijaya. |
| During which centuries did Srivijaya prosper? | From the 7th century to the 13th century. |
| What did Srivijaya control as a maritime empire? | Western Java and part of the Malay Peninsula. |
| What was Srivijaya also a center of? | Buddhist learning. |
| What happened to the Srivijaya Empire in the 13th century? | It broke up into separate states. |
| Where is the Muaro Jambi Buddhist temple compound located? | A possible location of Srivijaya's religious center. |
| Which was the last significant non-Muslim kingdom in Indonesia? | The Hindu Majapahit kingdom. |
| When did the Hindu Majapahit kingdom flourish? | From the late 13th century. |
| When did the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia date to? | The 13th century in northern Sumatra. |
| When did Islam become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra? | By the end of the 16th century. |
| What is the Jabung Temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java dated from? | Majapahit period. |
| How did Islam interact with existing cultural and religious influences in Indonesia? | It overlaid and mixed with them. |
| What is the distinctive form of architecture associated with ethnic groups in Indonesia? | Rumah adat. |
| What is the significance of the houses in Indonesia? | They are at the centre of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths, and religions that bind the villagers together. |
| What is the main focus for the family and its community in Indonesia? | The house. |
| What were the earliest Austronesian structures in Indonesia? | Communal timber longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables. |
| What is a longhouse in Indonesian architecture? | A type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. |
| What is the structural system norm in Indonesian architecture? | Post, beam, and lintel structural system. |
| What are the traditional walls made of in Indonesian architecture? | Wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load bearing. |
| What type of joints are traditionally used instead of nails in Indonesian architecture? | Mortise and tenon joints and wooden pegs. |
| What natural materials make up rumah adat in Indonesian architecture? | Timber, bamboo, thatch, and fiber. |
| What type of construction is typical of rumah adat in Nias house? | Post, beam, and lintel construction with flexible nail-less joints and non-load bearing walls. |
| What are the religious structures known as in Indonesian? | CANDI. |
| During which centuries were the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms? | Between the 8th and 14th centuries. |
| Where were the earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java built? | At the Dieng Plateau. |
| How many Hindu temples are thought to have originally existed at the Dieng Plateau? | As many as 400. |
| How many Hindu temples remain at the Dieng Plateau today? | Only 8. |
| Which kingdom built the Prambanan complex near Yogyakarta? | The second Kingdom of Mataram. |
| What is the Prambanan complex considered as in Java? | The largest and finest example of Hindu architecture. |
| To whom is the Prambanan complex dedicated? | The Trimūrti - the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva). |
| What is the architectural characteristic of Prambanan? | Tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu architecture. |
| Where is the Prambanan Temple Compounds located? | Southern Java, Indonesia. |
| Who built the Buddhist monument Borobudur? | The Sailendra Dynasty. |
| When was the Buddhist monument Borobudur built? | Between 750 and 850 CE. |
| Why was the Buddhist monument Borobudur abandoned shortly after its completion? | As a result of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java. |
| What does the vast number of intricate carvings in Borobudur depict? | They tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels, metaphorically reaching enlightenment. |
| Where is Borobudur located? | Central Java, Indonesia. |
| What is significant about Borobudur? | It is the world's largest Buddhist temple. |
| How many stacked platforms does Borobudur consist of? | Nine (six square and three circular). |
| How many relief panels decorate Borobudur? | 2,672. |
| How many Buddha statues were originally at Borobudur? | 504. |
| How many Buddha statues surround the central dome at Borobudur? | 72. |
| What is the design of Borobudur similar to? | A step pyramid. |
| What is the basis for the construction of stone pyramids at Borobudur? | Native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or hyangs. |
| What do the three divisions of Borobudur symbolize? | The three 'realms' of Buddhist cosmology: Kamadhatu (the world of desires), Rupadhatu (the world of forms), and Arupadhatu (the formless world). |
| How is Kāmadhātu represented in Borobudur? | By the base. |
| What does Rupadhatu represent in Borobudur? | The five square platforms (the body). |
| What does Arupadhatu represent in Borobudur? | The three circular platforms and the large topmost stupa. |
| How many cubic meters of andesite stones were used to build Borobudur? | Approximately 55,000 cubic metres (72,000 cu yd). |
| Who is claimed as the architect of Borobudur? | Gunadharma. |
| What is the height ratio for the foot, body, and head in the half cross-section of Borobudur? | 4:6:9. |
| By the fifteenth century, which religion had become dominant in Java and Sumatra? | Islam. |
| Where are a number of significant early mosques located in Indonesia? | Along the north coast of Java. |
| What is the significance of Mesjid Agung in Demak? | It was built in 1474. |
| Which mosque in Kudus has a minaret thought to be the watch tower of an earlier Hindu temple? | Menara Kudus Mosque. |
| What does the Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque show? | Transition from Hindu-Buddhist period to Islamic period. |
| What is the architectural character of Islamic Architecture in Sumatra? | It demonstrates the local tradition of vernacular Minangkabau architecture. |
| Which old mosques in Minangkabau lands of West Sumatra demonstrate the local tradition of vernacular Minangkabau architecture? | The old mosque of Bingkudu in Agam Regency, and Masjid Lubuk Bauk in Batipuh, West Sumatra. |
| What is the name of the mosque in Demak, built in 1474? | Mesjid Agung. |
| What are the significant mosques in West Sumatra, Indonesia? | Surau Lubuk Bauk (1896) and Bingkudu Mosque (1823). |
| When was Surau Lubuk Bauk built? | 1896. |
| When was Bingkudu Mosque constructed? | 1823. |
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