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Patho chap 40
Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neoplasm | another term for cancer |
| apoptosis | formation of new blood vessels |
| common causes of cancer | viruses or chronic inflammation, radiation, chemicals (from tobacco, diet) and free radicles |
| tumor supressor genes | genes that guard against cancer formation |
| proto oncogenes | control normal cell growth and proliferation |
| oncogenes | when proto- oncogenes mutate and allow unrestrained cell division |
| 3 steps to carcinogenesis | initial phase, promotion phase and progression phase |
| initial phase of carcinogenesis | the initial damage to DNA |
| promotion phase of carcinogenesis | where the alerted cell divides and passes on abnormal DNA |
| progression phase of carcinogenesis | where benign lesions proliferate and invade adjacent tissue or metastasize |
| cachexia | progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass commonly developed by cancer patients, suffers weakness, fatigue, anemia and loss of appetite |
| paraneoplastic syndrome | unexpected pathological disorder provoked by the presence of cancer in the body, like secretions of endocrine hormones unrelated to the cancer |
| primary prevention | focuses on preventing or delaying the onset of cancer |
| secondary prevention | focuses on early detection through screening |
| tertiary prevention | focuses on treatment, management or prevention of progression to later stages |
| lung cancer: who is at risk? | African American, > 65 years old, smoking, asbestos |
| lung cancer manifestations | cough, blood in sputum, wheeze, stridor, chest pain, dyspnea |
| breast cancer: who is at risk? | women, age, African American, family history, genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 & 2), prolonged reproductive life, estrogen exposure |
| breast cancer: risk factors and clinical manifestations | breast lump or skin changes like nipple discharge, nipple reaction, breast swelling |
| the most definitive way to diagnose breast cancer is through | mammograms |
| when do we start screening for breast cancer? | start screening for breast cancer starting at 50, looking for calcification and densities |
| prostate cancer: greatest risk for prostate cancer | age 65 year old men |
| prostate cancer early on symptoms | there are no symptoms |
| prostate cancer late symptoms | obstructed urine flow, hematuria, azotemia, anorexia, back pain |
| primary brain tumor | tumor originating from tissues of the brain or immediate surrounding areas |
| metastatic brain tumor | tumor originating somewhere else in the body but migrate to the brain through the bloodstream |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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