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Patho chap 40

Cancer

QuestionAnswer
neoplasm another term for cancer
apoptosis formation of new blood vessels
common causes of cancer viruses or chronic inflammation, radiation, chemicals (from tobacco, diet) and free radicles
tumor supressor genes genes that guard against cancer formation
proto oncogenes control normal cell growth and proliferation
oncogenes when proto- oncogenes mutate and allow unrestrained cell division
3 steps to carcinogenesis initial phase, promotion phase and progression phase
initial phase of carcinogenesis the initial damage to DNA
promotion phase of carcinogenesis where the alerted cell divides and passes on abnormal DNA
progression phase of carcinogenesis where benign lesions proliferate and invade adjacent tissue or metastasize
cachexia progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass commonly developed by cancer patients, suffers weakness, fatigue, anemia and loss of appetite
paraneoplastic syndrome unexpected pathological disorder provoked by the presence of cancer in the body, like secretions of endocrine hormones unrelated to the cancer
primary prevention focuses on preventing or delaying the onset of cancer
secondary prevention focuses on early detection through screening
tertiary prevention focuses on treatment, management or prevention of progression to later stages
lung cancer: who is at risk? African American, > 65 years old, smoking, asbestos
lung cancer manifestations cough, blood in sputum, wheeze, stridor, chest pain, dyspnea
breast cancer: who is at risk? women, age, African American, family history, genetic predisposition (BRCA 1 & 2), prolonged reproductive life, estrogen exposure
breast cancer: risk factors and clinical manifestations breast lump or skin changes like nipple discharge, nipple reaction, breast swelling
the most definitive way to diagnose breast cancer is through mammograms
when do we start screening for breast cancer? start screening for breast cancer starting at 50, looking for calcification and densities
prostate cancer: greatest risk for prostate cancer age 65 year old men
prostate cancer early on symptoms there are no symptoms
prostate cancer late symptoms obstructed urine flow, hematuria, azotemia, anorexia, back pain
primary brain tumor tumor originating from tissues of the brain or immediate surrounding areas
metastatic brain tumor tumor originating somewhere else in the body but migrate to the brain through the bloodstream
Created by: sammy.e7
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