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A&P II Ch 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is oxygen necessary in the body? | Cells use oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP |
| 2. What are the five functions of the respiratory system? | Produces extensive gas exchange surface area btwn air and circulating blood |
| What are the five functions of the respiratory system? | Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs |
| What are the five functions of the respiratory system? | Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment |
| What are the five functions of the respiratory system? | Produces sounds & Participates in olfactory sense |
| 3. What is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system? | Larynx |
| 4. What is the respiratory defense system? What does it do? | Series of filtration mechanisms that removes particles and pathogens |
| 5. What is the function of the cilia in the respiratory defense system? | Sweep debris trapped in mucus up toward the pharynx where it can be coughed out or swallowed (mucus escalator) |
| 6. Define nasal cavity | Space inside the nose |
| Define external nares | Nostrils |
| Define nasal vestibule | Open area just inside the nostrils |
| Define nasal hairs | In nasal vestibule/ First particle filtration system |
| Define nasal septum | Divides nasal cavity into left and right areas |
| Define nasal mucosa | Warms and humidifies inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs |
| Define superior, middle, and inferior meatuses | Constricted passageways that produce air turbulence/ Traps large particles/ Warms and humidifies air |
| Define internal nares | Last part of the nasal cavity that open in to the pharynx |
| 7. The pharynx is also called what? | Throat |
| 8. The pharynx is a shared component of two different organ systems. What are they? | Digestive and respiratory systems |
| 9. What are the three parts of the pharynx? How are they different in terms of location and/or function? | Nasopharynx: Contains Estuation tubes / Oropharynx: Communicates with oral cavity/ Laryngopharynx : Extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus |
| 10. What are the three cartilages of the larynx and what are their functions? | Thyroid & Cricoid: Supports and protects the glottis and entrance to trachea / Epiglottis: muscles involved with swallowing elevate larynx. Folds back over glottis |
| 11. How is sound produced and modified? | Phonation & articulation |
| 12. What is the function of the tracheal cartilages? | Strengthens and protects airway |
| 13. Know the structural differences between the right and left lungs and why they exist. | Right lung: 3 lobes, wider, displaced upward by liver/ Left lung: Two lobes, longer, displaced upward by heart |
| 14. Know the structures of the bronchial tree, including which structures branch into other structures. | Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi |
| 15. What happens to the walls of bronchi as they branch (from primary into secondary and tertiary)? | Progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle |
| 16. What is bronchitis? | Inflammation of bronchial walls (excessive constriction and breathing difficulty) |
| 17. Bronchioles have no ______________ but are instead dominated by __________________. | Cartilage/ Smooth Muscle |
| 18. How is the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles regulated? | Autonomic Control |
| 19. Understand bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction. | Dilation. Sympathetic ANS/ Constriction. Parasympathetic ANS |
| 20. Know the structure of pulmonary lobules, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. | |
| 21. What are alveoli? What occurs at alveoli? | Tiny saclike structures within pulmonary lobules/ Gas exchange |
| 22. What type of epithelium is the alveolar epithelium? What are the three types of specialized cells found there? | Inner lining, simple squamous/ Thin, Pneumocytes type I/ Pneumocytes type II/ Alveolar macrophages |
| What are their functions? | Pneumocytes type I: Form part of the membrane across which gas exchange occurs/ Pneumocytes Type II: Produce surfactant// Alveolar macrophages: Clean up dust, bacteria, or allergens |
| 23. What is the function of surfactant in the lungs? | Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension |
| 24. What is the respiratory membrane? | Thin membrane lining alveoli across which gas exchange takes place/ Made up of pneumocytes type I, capillaries, elastic fibers |
| 25. Why is diffusion across the respiratory membrane very rapid? | Short distance & gases are lipid soluble |
| 26. What is pneumonia? | Fluid leaks into gas exchange sacs/ compromises function of respiratory membrane bc gasses cant travel as rapidly through liquid |
| 27. Understand each of the three integrated processes of respiration. | Pulmonary ventilation: Breathing. Getting air from environment into the lungs/ External respiration: gases to lungs & bloodstream/ Internal respiration: gases to bloodstream and body tissues |
| 28. Understand the relationship between volume & pressure and why this causes air to move into/out of the lungs. | Volume incr=pressure decr/ Vol decr=pressure incr// Air flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure |
| 29. Which muscles are most important to respiration? | Diaphragm & External intercoastal muscles of the ribs |
| 30. Understand the difference in inhalation and exhalation in terms of which is active, passive, or both. | Inhalation=active/ Exhalation=active or passive (muscles not needed to exhale but can be used) |
| 31. Understand external respiration. | Gases are exchanged between the lungs and bloodstream |
| 32. Understand internal respiration. | Gases are exchanged between bloodstream and body tissues |
| 33. What causes oxygen and carbon dioxide to move to the right places? | O2 from air is exchanged for CO2 from the bloodstream/ Becomes oxygenated/ O2 diffuses into bloodstream & pumped back to the heart/ CO2 diffuses into the air % expelled through exhalation |
| 34. Blood arriving in alveolar capillaries has _____ O2 and ______ CO2. (high/low) | Low/High |
| 35. Blood arriving in peripheral capillaries has _____ O2 and _____ CO2. (high/low) | High/ Low |
| 36. In alveolar capillaries, which gas will enter blood and which gas will leave blood? | O2 to enter and CO2 to leave |
| 37. In peripheral capillaries, which gas will enter blood and which gas will leave blood? | CO2 diffuse into blood/ O2 diffuse out of blood |
| 38. What are three effects of aging on the respiratory system? | Elastic tissues deteriorate/ Arthritic changes/ Emphysema |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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