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Axial Skeleton

QuestionAnswer
Axial Skeleton skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton Limbs and girdles
Embryological origins of the axial skeleton Sclerotome
Evolutionary Trends of Vertebral Components 1.) Some vertebral elements enlarge while others regress 2.) The vertebral elements displace the notochord as the primary mechanical axis 3.) The vertebral segments become regionally differentiated
Aspondyly No centra Ex:// Lamprey
Monospondyly 1 centrum Most vertebrate
Diplospondyly 2 centra Most vertebrates
Polyspondyly Multiple centra Ex:// Holocephali and some sarcopterygians
Amphicoelous Both ends concave Limited motion in most directions Ex://Fish
Procoelous Anterior end concave, posterior end convex Extensive motion in most directions Ex:// Snakes
Opisthocoelous Anterior end convex, posterior end concave Extensive motion in most directions Ex:// Hoofed mammals
Acoelous Both ends flat Limited motion in most directions but suited to receive and distribute compressive forces Ex:// Most mammals
Heterocoelous Both ends saddle shaped Allow for lateral and vertical flexion but prevent rotation Ex:// birds
Zygopophyseal joint Articulation between vertebrae )prezygopophysis-postzygopophysis)
Prezygopophyses -Project from the anterior edge of neural arch -Articular surface faces dorsally
Postzygopophyses -Project from the posterior edge of neural arch -Articular surface faces ventrally
Diapophysis Rib attachment on neural arch for tuberculum of dorsal rib
Parapophysis Rib attachment on centrum for capitulum of dorsal rib
Basapophysis Attachment for ventral rib (if present)
Transverse process General term for process extending laterally from a centrum or neural arch
Cervical vertebrae Neck region (most anterior)-- Ribs short or absent Amphibians- only 1 Aves- 12 (most)-25 Reptiles and mammals: 6-9 Allows for head movement independent of body
C1 and C2 C1- atlas Prezygopophytes articulate with occipital. C1 centrum attached to C2 as the dens C2- Axis Articulates with C1 via zygopophyses and specialized atlanto-axial joint at dens
Thoracic vertebrae Anterior trunk vertebrae with ribs Attachment site for ribs
Lumbar vertebrae Posterior trunk vertebrae without ribs Loss of ribs allowed hindlimbs to swing forward to increase stride length during rapid locomotion
Sacral vertebrae Vertebrae attached to pelvic girdle Attachment site for hindlimbs, increasing hindlimb stability and force distribution
Synsacrum Complex of fused posterior thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae found in birds
Caudal vertebrae Tail region posterior to the sacrum *can be fused in some vertebrates Frog- urostyle Bird- Pygostyle Human- Coccyx Tail region (variable function)
Function of ribs -Provide sites for muscle attachment -Form a protective case around organs -Aid in respiration in tetrapods
Development of ribs Sclerotome within myosepta
Fish ribs Dorsal ribs: seperate hypaxial and epaxial muscles Ventral ribs: develop where myosepta meet the wall of the coelom
Tetrapod ribs -Only have dorsal ribs -Ribs are bicipital Capitulum- articulates with parapophysis Tuberculus- articulates with the diapophysis
Amniote ribs Ribs become increasingly important in respiration
True ribs Connect directly to sternum. Have two jointed segments that accommodate changes in chest shape during respiration: vertebral rib (dorsal)- articulates with vertebrae sternal rib (ventral)- articulates with sternum *amniotes
False ribs Either connect to sternum indirectly or do not connect at all Floating ribs- do not connect to sternum
Sternum Found only in tetrapods (evolved independently multiple times Anatomy directly rleated to use of forelimbs in locomotion Attachment for ribs Mammals have three parts: Manubrium (anterior) Sternebrae (body) Xiphisternum (posterior)
Created by: trinann04
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