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A&P II Ch 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? | Arteries |
| 2. Which vessels carry blood to the heart? | Veins |
| 3. What are the largest blood vessels in the body? | Pulmonary Trunk & Aorta |
| 4. What are the smallest blood vessels in the body? | Capillaries |
| 5. What are the three layers of blood vessel walls? | Tunica intima/ Tunica media/ Tunica externa |
| 6. Understand all structural and functional differences between the three layers of blood vessel walls. | Tunica intima: Endothelial lining (Connective tissue layer)/ In arteries, internal elastic membrane |
| 7. What are the key differences between ARTERIES and veins? (slide 9) | Thicker walls & higher blood pressure/ Collapsed A has small, round lumen/ lining folds/ more elastic |
| 7. What are the key differences between arteries and VEINS? (slide 9) | Large, flat lumen/ Has valves |
| 8. What are the three “sizes” of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Elastic arteries: Conducting arteries/ lrg vessels (pulm trunk & aorta)/ Tun media has many elastic fibers and few muscle cells/ Elasticity evens out pulse force |
| 8. What are the three “sizes” of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Muscular arteries: distribution arteries/ Median sized/ tunica media has many muscle cells |
| 9. What is the function of capillaries? | Location of all exchange functions of cardiovascular system/ Mats diffuse btwn blood and interstitial fluid |
| 10. What is the general structure of capillaries? Which wall layers do they have and what is the approximate diameter of a capillary? | Endothelial tube, inside thin bsmt membrane/ No tunica media or externa/ Diameter is similar to RBC |
| 11. What is the difference between CONTINUOUS, fenestrated, and sinusoidal capillaries? What kind of material exchange does each permit? | Complete endothelial lining/ Found in all tissues except epithelia & cartilage/ Permit diffu of H2O, sm solutes, & lipid-soluble mats/ Block blood cells & plasma proteins |
| 11. What is the difference between continuous, FENESTRATED, and sinusoidal capillaries? What kind of material exchange does each permit? | Have pores in endo lining/ Permit rapid exchange of H2O & lgr solutes btwn plasma and interstitial fluid/ found in places where rapid exchange or filtering is occuring: Choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, intestinal tract |
| 11. What is the difference between continuous, fenestrated, and SINUSODIAL capillaries? What kind of material exchange does each permit? | Have gaps btwn adjacent endothelial cells/ permit free exchange: H2O, lg plasma proteins, btwn blood & interstitial fluid/ Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow, endocrine organs |
| 12. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Venules: Very small veins/ Collect blood from capillaries |
| 12. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Medium-sized veins: Thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells/ Tunica externa with longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers |
| 12. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Large veins: Have all three tunica layers (Thick tunica externa, thin tunica media) |
| 13. What are venous valves? Why do veins need valves? | Fold of tunica intima// Prevents blood from flowing backward. Compression pushes blood toward heart |
| 14. What are SYSTOLIC and diastolic pressure? | Peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction |
| 15. What is normal blood pressure and what do these numbers refer to? | 120/80 (millimeters of mercury) |
| 16. What is considered normal blood pressure, hypertension, and hypotension? | Abnormally high BP (Greater than 140/90) |
| 16. What is considered normal blood pressure, hypertension, and hypotension? | Abnormally low BP (Lower than 90/60) |
| 17. Where is blood pressure typically measured? | Brachial artery |
| 18. Understand how blood pressure measurement works. | Pinch brachial artery closed w/ pressure cuff. Listen for thumps when artery opens back up. First loudest thump is systolic. Last swishy sounds are diastolic. Watch pressure gauge for sounds. |
| 19. Why do arterial walls need to have elastic rebound? | |
| 20. Blood moving around the body is useless without what? | The ability to move mats in and out of capillaries |
| 21. What is interstitial fluid? | |
| 22. Understand diffusion and filtration. | Mvmt of ions or molecules from high to low concentration (concentration gradient)/ H2O and sml solutes forced through capillary wall. lrg solutes in bloodstream |
| 23. Why do athletes have lower resting HR than nonathletes? | Stronger heart muscles due to exercise/ Lgr stroke vol= fewer BPM |
| 24. Understand the key differences in cardiovascular performance between nonathletes and athletes (slide 51—don’t need to know exact numbers, just differences and why they exist). | |
| 25. Why is maintaining constant blood flow to the brain important? | Brain has high O2 demand (20%)/ Drives nearly all activites that maintain life/consciousness |
| 26. What is a stroke? How is it similar to and different from a myocardial infarction? | CVA. Blockage or rupture in a cerebral artery. Stops blood flow |
| 27. Why do developing fetuses have nonfunctional lungs? | O2 provided by placental circulation |
| 28. Where do fetuses get oxygenated blood? | Placenta |
| 29. When a baby is born, what are some changes that happen in the cardiovascular system? | Lungs expand/ Pulmonary vessels expand allowing blood flow/ O2 causes ductus arteriosus to constrict/ Rising left atrium pressure closes foramen ovale |
| 30. With aging, what changes happen in the blood? The heart? The blood vessels? | Pooling of blood in legs/Blood clots/ Reduced maximum cardiac output/ Calcium deposits/ Arteries less elastic |
| 6. Understand all structural and functional differences between the three layers of blood vessel walls. | Tunica media: Has concentric sheets of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue/ Binds to inner and outer lyrs/ In arteries, external elastic membrane |
| 6. Understand all structural and functional differences between the three layers of blood vessel walls. | Tunica externa: In arteries, anchors vessel to adjacent tissues (collagen & elastic fibers)// In veins: smooth muscle cells/ Vasa vasorum |
| 8. What are the three “sizes” of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Arterioles: small/ Little or no tunica externa/ Thin or incomplete tunica media |
| 14. What are systolic and DIASTOLIC pressure? | Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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